{"id":132,"date":"2014-04-15T23:42:20","date_gmt":"2014-04-15T23:42:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/limbaromana.org\/?page_id=132"},"modified":"2014-04-15T23:42:20","modified_gmt":"2014-04-15T23:42:20","slug":"dictionary","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/limbaromana.org\/en\/dictionary\/","title":{"rendered":"Etymological Dictionary of the Romanian Language"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00a0A<\/h1>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00a0a<\/strong>\u00b9 (variant\u00a0ah<\/em>) (interj.) – exclamation of pain, of wonder, etc.<\/p>\n

According to Cioranescu (2), it is of imitative origin.<\/p>\n

Although it may be considered of imitative origin, it appears in many other Indo-European languages; cf. Sanskrit\u00a0\u0101<\/em>\u00a0\u2018exclamation of wonder\u2019, Greek\u00a0\u03ac<\/em>\u2018exclamation of indignation, pain\u2019, Latin\u00a0\u0101<\/em>,\u00a0\u0101h<\/em>\u00a0\u2018exclamation of pain, indignation, displeasure\u2019, Gothic\u00a0\u014d<\/em>\u00a0\u2018exclamation of pain\u201d, Lithuanian\u00a0\u00e1<\/em>\u00a0\u2018exclamation of pain\u2019, all from Proto-Indo-European [hence PIE] *\u0101<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018exclamation of wonder\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 1).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

a<\/strong>\u00b2 (Aromanian\u00a0<\/em>a \u2018<\/em>to, at\u2019<\/em>) (prep.) \u2013 to, at, next to.<\/p>\n

Today it has a restricted use being replaced by\u00a0<\/strong>la<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 (see\u00a0<\/strong>la<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

Latin\u00a0ad<\/em>\u00a0(Pu\u015fcariu, 1; Candrea-Densusianu, 1;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 136; Cioranescu, 1).<\/p>\n

In Old Romanian, it was used in all situations where today it is used\u00a0la<\/strong>: \u201c\u015fezu a dereapta lui Dumnezeu<\/em>\u201d (He sat on the right side of God) (Coresi; cf. Cioranescu), frequently found at the chroniclers, such as Dosoftei and other authors of 16th-17th centuries. Although today it is not used as much as several centuries ago, it is found in syntactical structures such as \u201cmiroase a flori\u2019 (it smells like flowers) or\u00a0a-cas\u0103<\/em>\u00a0((at) home).<\/p>\n

The forms of the so-called genitival article are compound forms of preposition\u00a0a<\/strong>\u00a0and the definite article ( –a<\/em>, –l<\/em>, –i<\/em>, –le<\/em>). This can be seen in noun phrases with a numeral such as \u201cmam\u0103\u00a0a<\/em>\u00a0trei copii (mother of three)\u201d, etc. since numerals do not take definite articles. A similar situation is found in Aromanian, where the so-called genitival article of Daco-Romanian is not expressed, but the genitive contructions are marked by the preposition\u00a0a<\/strong>\u00a0only, which is considered (definite) article by T. Papahagi (49), but he was wrong about it. The same phenomenon is found in some Romance and other languages .<\/p>\n

It derives from with PIE *ad<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018at, next to\u2019 (IEW, 3); cf. Oscan\u00a0az \u2018<\/em>at\u2019 Gaulish\u00a0ad<\/em>\u00a0 \u2018at\u2019, Welsh\u00a0add<\/em>\u00a0\u2018d\u2019, Gothic\u00a0<\/em>at<\/em>\u00a0\u2018at, next to\u2019, OHG\u00a0az<\/em>\u00a0\u2018at, next to\u2019.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

ab\u1ea1c<\/strong>\u00a0(n., neut.) \u2013 abacus, counting frame.<\/p>\n

From Italian\u00a0abbaco<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 > Neo-Greek\u00a0\u03ac\u03bc\u03c0\u03ac\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0(G\u00e1ldi,\u00a0Les mots<\/em>, 143) or from French\u00a0abaque<\/em>\u00a0(Cioranescu, 5).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

aban\u1ecds<\/strong>\u00a0(n., masc.) \u2013 ebony, ebony tree.<\/p>\n

Turkish\u00a0abanos<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 > Neo-Greek\u00a0\u00a0\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0(Roesler, 587; \u015e\u0103ineanu, 2, 5;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 2816; Cioranescu, 7); cf. Albanian\u00a0abanos \u2018<\/em>id\u2019, Bulgarian\u00a0abanos<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>\u2018id\u2019. It is of Semitic origin which was borrowed into Medio-Greek and Medieval Latin (hebenus<\/em>) and from Latin into (most) European languages.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

ab\u1ea1te<\/strong>\u00a0(vb., III) (Aromanian\u00a0abat<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019) \u2013 1. to turn off, aside, away; 2. to push or drive away; 3. to desuade (from).<\/p>\n

Medieval Latin\u00a0abbattere<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>(Pu\u015fcariu, 2;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 1; Cioranescu, 8).<\/p>\n

It is a derivative of Romanian language from a\u00a0bate<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018to beat\u2019, prefixed with\u00a0a<\/strong>, an usual method of\u00a0 verb derivation in Romanian (as one may see throughout this dictionary). In fact, the verb a\u00a0<\/strong>bate<\/strong>\u00a0has various meanings. Latin\u00a0abbatere<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to descend, to supress\u2019\u00a0 is not attested before 6th century AD. Its first attestation is found in the\u00a0Salic Law<\/em>\u00a0(507-511) (cf. Niermeyer, 1,1), a legal code based on old Germanic traditions, formulated by Salic Franks (see\u00a0bate<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

abi\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0avia<\/em>) (adv.) \u2013 1. hardly; 2. scarcely, very little, next to nothing; 3. only, just, merely.<\/p>\n

Latin *ad<\/em>–vix<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0vix<\/em>\u00a0\u2018just, hardly\u2019 (Philippide,\u00a0Principii<\/em>, 91; Pu\u015fcariu, 3; Candrea-Densusianu, 224; Cioranescu, 12) or from OCS\u00a0abije \u2018<\/em>immediately\u2019 (Cihac) which is semantically different from Romanian\u00a0abia<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Romanian\u00a0abia<\/strong>\u00a0is a cognate of Latin\u00a0vix<\/em>, but it cannot derive from it, nor from unattested *ad-vix<\/em>\u00a0which would yield in Romanian *avis<\/em>, or *abis<\/em>, but not\u00a0abia<\/strong>. On the other hand, it has no cognates in other Romance languages.<\/p>\n

In order to explain the origin of Latin\u00a0<\/em>vix<\/em>,\u00a0<\/em>Walde (2, 810) argues that it derives from a PIE *\u016diq\u016d<\/strong>–s<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018heavy, overwhelming\u2019 which, he believes, is cognate with Greek\u00a0<\/em>\u03b9\u03c0\u03cc\u03c9<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to lie heavily on, to squeeze\u2019. If he is right, then Romanian\u00a0abia<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>may derive form the same (or similar) root as Latin\u00a0vix<\/em>. In this case the labio-velark\u016d<\/strong>\u00a0turned into voiceless labial\u00a0p<\/em>, a frequent phonological transformation in Thraco-Dacian (see Argument to DELR). Afterwards, it turned into the voiced bi-labialb<\/em>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

abit\u1ecbr<\/strong>\u00a0(adv.) (obs.) \u2013 much better, stronger.<\/p>\n

Turkish\u00a0better<\/em>\u00a0\u2018worse\u2019 (Cioranescu, 14) or Turkish\u00a0<\/em>abeter<\/em>, the comparative form of\u00a0abe<\/em>\u00a0\u2018clear\u2019 (\u015e\u0103ineanu, 2, 6;\u00a0DAR<\/em>). Cioranescu rejects this hypothesis, although it is much more plausible than his. It is used, in general, with the comparative adverb\u00a0mai \u2018<\/strong>more\u2019.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

abr\u1ea1\u015f<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aroumanian\u00a0abra\u015fcu<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>\u201einsolent, impertinent\u201d) (adj.) \u2013 1. vicious, restive (about horses); 2. wicked, violent (about people).<\/p>\n

Turkish\u00a0abra\u015f<\/em>\u00a0(\u015e\u0103ineanu, 2, 7; Cioranescu, 21). \u015e\u0103ineanu believes that Turkish borrowed it from Arabic. I have to mention that the word is found in Albanianabrash<\/em>\u00a0and Bulgarian\u00a0abra\u0161<\/em>\u00a0as well.<\/p>\n

In fact, this adjective cannot be of Turkish or Arabic origin since there are several cognates in various Indo-European languages. It derives from PIE *abhro<\/strong>– \u2018strong, violent\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 2); cf. Welsh\u00a0afr<\/em>\u00a0\u2018very\u2019, Illyrian tribe name\u00a0Abroi<\/em>, Thracian\u00a0Abro<\/em>– (in personal names), Gothic\u00a0abrs<\/em>\u00a0\u2018strong, violent\u2019, English\u00a0brash<\/em>. Therefore, it seems that Turkish borrowed it from Romanian or other Balkan language. Thraco-Illyrian origin.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Abr\u1ee5d<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 town in Transylvania.<\/p>\n

This place-name is attested since ancient times as\u00a0Abruttum<\/em>, the ancient name of this city (cf. Giurescu, 1, 125). Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

abu\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0(vb., I)\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013\u00a0 to fall asleep, to sleep.<\/p>\n

A regionalism (Transylvania) avoided by the authors of etymological dictionaries.<\/p>\n

It derives form PIE *au<\/strong>-,\u00a0au<\/strong>–es<\/strong>-,\u00a0au<\/strong>–s<\/strong>– \u2018to stay overnight, to sleep\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 72); cf. Armenian\u00a0aganim<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to stay overnight, to spend the night\u2019, Greek\u00a0\u03b9\u03b1\u03cd\u03c9<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to sleep\u2019. In Thraco-Dacian PIE *u<\/strong>\u00a0turned into\u00a0v<\/em>\u00a0or\u00a0b<\/em>\u00a0at initial or in intervocalic position (see\u00a0vatr\u0103<\/strong>).\u00a0 Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

aburc\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0(vb., I) \u2013 to climb, to go up.<\/p>\n

From Latin *arboricare<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0arbor<\/em>\u00a0(Pu\u015fcariu,\u00a0ZRPh<\/em>., 31, 616;\u00a0DAR<\/em>;\u00a0REW<\/em>,\u00a0606<\/em>). Cioranescu (29) rejects\u00a0 Pu\u015fcariu\u2019s hypothesis and proposes *aboricare<\/em>\u00a0< *boricare<\/em>\u00a0< *oricare<\/em>, from Latin\u00a0orior<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to climb\u2019.\u00a0 Romanian\u00a0aburca<\/strong>\u00a0is cognate to Latin\u00a0orior<\/em>, but in fact, it is a derivative of a\u00a0<\/strong>urca<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018to go up, to mount, to ascend (prefixed with\u00a0ab<\/em>-) from PIE *er<\/strong>-, *or<\/strong>– \u2018to set in motion, to go up, to rise\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 326); cf. Hittite\u00a0\u0161ark<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to climb, to go up\u2019, Sanskrit\u00a0abhy<\/em>–uccar<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to go up, to climb\u2019, Avestan\u00a0ar<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to set in motion\u2019, Greek\u00a0\u03cc\u03c1\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to move, to rise\u2019 (see\u00a0<\/strong>urca<\/strong>). Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u1ea1bur<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0abur<\/em>) (n., masc.) \u2013 steam, vapor.<\/p>\n

It was considered to be of Thraco-Dacian origin since Miklosich (Slaw. Elem<\/em>., 9), although some other linguists after him believed to be a loan-word from Albanian\u00a0abull<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 (Cihac, 2, 714; Philippide, 2, 605, Meyer,\u00a0EWA<\/em>, 28). Instead Cioranescu (28) wants for it a Latin origin, namely form Latin\u00a0albulus<\/em>\u00a0\u2018white spot\u2019. These two hypotheses were rejected by other linguists.<\/p>\n

Later on, in the second half of the 20th century, Br\u00e2ncu\u015f (VALR<\/em>, 28) shows that it is of Thraco-Dacian origin. I have to mention that today, most linguists consider it of Thraco-Dacian origin. Indeed, it derives from PIE *bholo<\/strong>– \u2018stem, fog\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 162) through an older *ad<\/em>–bolo<\/em>\u00a0> Romanian\u00a0abur<\/strong>; cf.\u00a0<\/strong>Albanian\u00a0avull<\/em>\u00a0\u201eid\u201d (Gheg dialect),\u00a0abull<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 (Tosk dialect). The root is found in other Indo-European languages; cf. Sanskrit\u00a0busa<\/em>\u00a0\u2018steam, fog\u2019, Old Irish\u00a0boladh<\/em>\u00a0\u2018smell\u2019, Lithuanianbula<\/em>\u00a0\u2018fog, steam\u2019, Latvian\u00a0buls \u2018id\u2019<\/em>. Thraco-Illyrian origin (see\u00a0boare<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018breeze\u2019,\u00a0<\/strong>bur\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018drizzle, fog\u2019).<\/p>\n

Derivatives:\u00a0a<\/em>\u00a0aburi<\/em>,\u00a0abureal\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0aburire<\/em>,\u00a0aburos<\/em>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

ac<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0ac<\/em>) (n., neut.) \u2013 needle, sting.<\/p>\n

Latin\u00a0acus<\/em>\u00a0\u2018wheat husk, needle\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 6; Candrea-Densusianu, 3;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 130, Cioranescu, 30).<\/p>\n

The root is found in words of many\u00a0 Indo-European languages\u00a0 from PIE *ak<\/strong>\u2019-,\u00a0ok<\/strong>\u2019- \u2018sharp\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 18); cf. Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2<\/em>, OHG\u00a0ahir<\/em>, Gothic\u00a0ahana<\/em>,\u00a0akeit<\/em>\u2018vinegar\u2019, Old Icelandic\u00a0<\/em>ogni<\/em>, Lithuanian\u00a0akutas<\/em>, OCS\u00a0ociti<\/em>, Old Irish\u00a0acat<\/em>\u00a0\u2018vinegar\u2019,as well as Greek\u00a0\u03ac\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0\u2018mountian tip\u2019, Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae<\/em>,\u00a0\u03b1\u03ba\u03bc\u03aev<\/em>\u00a0\u2018top\u2019, Old Latinocris<\/em>\u00a0\u2018hill\u2019, Umbrian\u00a0ukar<\/em>,\u00a0ucar<\/em>\u00a0\u2018hill\u2019.\u00a0 The root is found in other Romanian words as well (see\u00a0acru<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018sour\u2019,\u00a0o\u0163et<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018vinegar\u2019).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

acade\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0(n., fem.) (obs.) \u2013 a candy made of melted sugar.<\/p>\n

Turkish\u00a0\u00a0ak\u0131de<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 < Arabic\u00a0ak\u012bda<\/em>\u00a0(\u015e\u0103ineanu, 2, 7; Cioranescu, 31).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

ac\u1ea1s\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0acas\u0103<\/em>) (adv.) \u2013 home, at home.<\/p>\n

It is a derivative of\u00a0\u00a0cas\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018house\u2019 prefixed with preposition\u00a0a<\/strong>\u00b2 (see\u00a0a<\/strong>\u00b2 and\u00a0cas\u0103<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

acat\u1ecbst<\/strong>\u00a0(n., neut.) \u2013 1. hymn and mass honoring Virgin Mary and saints. 2. a list of names of people given to the priest to pray for them.<\/p>\n

Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 <\u00a0\u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03af\u03b6\u03c9<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to lie down\u2019 with a privative\u00a0\u03b1<\/em>, because such hymns are sung standing (cf. Cioranescu, 36).<\/p>\n

Derivatives:\u00a0acatistier<\/em>\u00a0\u2018a book of such hymns\u2019.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

ac\u0103t\u1eb7rii<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variants\u00a0ac\u0103tarea<\/em>,\u00a0ac\u0103t\u0103rea<\/em>,\u00a0ac\u0103tare<\/em>) (adj.) \u2013 1. good, beautiful, nice; 2. appropriate.<\/p>\n

There are several hypotheses regarding the origin of this word: from Latin *ad<\/em>–que<\/em>–tale<\/em>\u00a0(Cipariu,\u00a0Gram.,<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>2, 60) or\u00a0de c\u0103tare<\/em>\u00a0(Philippide,\u00a0Principii<\/em>, 8) or\u00a0de atare<\/em>(Pu\u015fcariu, 8) and finally from Latin *eccum talis<\/em>\u00a0(Cioranescu, 35). None of these solutions can be accepted for various reasons. The Latin \u2018etymons\u2019 are not plausible compounds, without any correspondent forms in other Romance languages, while\u00a0\u00a0de c\u0103tare<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0de atare<\/em>\u00a0do not explain the presence of initial\u00a0a<\/em>\u00a0and the elision of preposition\u00a0de<\/strong>. It should be associated with the verb a\u00a0<\/strong>c\u0103uta<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018to look for, to search\u2019 from PIE *keu<\/strong>-,\u00a0skeu<\/strong>– \u201eto look at, to observe\u201d (IEW, 587) (seec\u0103uta<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

ac\u0103\u0163\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variant\u00a0a ag\u0103\u0163a<\/em>, Aromanian\u00a0aca\u0163u<\/em>) (vb., I) \u2013 1. to hang (up), to hook up.<\/p>\n

Latin *accaptiare<\/em>\u00a0<\/strong><<\/strong>\u00a0captiare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to catch, to try to catch\u2019 (Philippide,\u00a0Principii<\/em>, 43; Pu\u015fcariu,\u00a0Lat. ti<\/em>, 12; Candrea-Densusianu,\u00a0REW<\/em>, 1663). Even if we admit the existence of a Latin *accaptiare<\/em>, one cannot explain why\u00a0pt<\/em>\u00a0turned into\u00a0t<\/em>\u00a0or\u00a0\u0163<\/em>\u00a0(ts). The root is found in other Balkan languages; cf. Bulgarian\u00a0kacja<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0\u00a0kace<\/em>(kacja<\/em>) \u2018bramble\u2019 or\u00a0 Hittite\u00a0aggati<\/em>\u00a0\u2018a catching net\u2019.\u00a0 Other Romanian words such as\u00a0ca\u0163\u0103 \u2018<\/strong>a catching tool\u2019,\u00a0c\u0103\u0163\u0103ra<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018to climb, to clamber\u2019 derive form the same root. Thus we may reconstruct\u00a0 IE *kati<\/strong>– \u2018to hang up, to catch\u2019\u00a0 (see\u00a0<\/strong>ca\u0163\u0103<\/strong>,\u00a0<\/strong>c\u0103\u0163\u0103ra<\/strong>). Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

ac\u1eb9l<\/strong>,\u00a0ac\u1eb9la<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0a\u0163el<\/em>) (dem. pron.) \u2013 that.<\/p>\n

Lat. *ecce illi<\/em>, *ecce illa<\/em>\u00a0(Diez, I, 337; Pu\u015fcariu, 9; Candrea-Densusianu, 532;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 4266). This hypothesis cannot be accepted. Romanian\u00a0acel<\/strong>(a<\/strong>) is a derivative of\u00a0\u0103l<\/strong>(a<\/strong>) prefixed with\u00a0ac<\/em>– found in other compound form (see\u00a0acest<\/strong>(a<\/strong>) \u2018this\u2019,\u00a0acum<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018now\u2019,\u00a0aici<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018here\u2019,\u00a0<\/strong>a\u015fa<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018thus\u2019).<\/p>\n

Romanian\u00a0\u0103l<\/strong>\u00a0seems to derive from PIE *al<\/strong>-,\u00a0<\/strong>ol<\/strong>– (cf.\u00a0IEW<\/em>, 24), not form Latin\u00a0ille<\/em>,\u00a0illum<\/em>. The root reconstructed by Walde-Pokorny does not explain –ll<\/em>– of Latinille<\/em>, neither OCS\u00a0on\u016d<\/em>, Lithuanian\u00a0ans<\/em>, Armenian\u00a0na<\/em>,\u00a0ayn<\/em>, OHG\u00a0ener<\/em>. Therefore, PIE root *ol<\/strong>–ne<\/strong>, reconstructed by\u00a0 Ernout-Meillet explains much better all the forms mentioned above and the definite article in Celtic languages; cf. Irish\u00a0an<\/em>, Breton\u00a0<\/em>an<\/em>,\u00a0<\/em>ar<\/em>,\u00a0al<\/em>, Welsh\u00a0y<\/em>,\u00a0yr<\/em>. On the other hand, Romanian\u00a0<\/strong>\u0103l<\/strong>\u00a0is closer to Umbrian\u00a0ulu<\/em>,\u00a0ulo<\/em>\u00a0\u2018illuc\u2019 and Oscan\u00a0ulas<\/em>\u00a0\u2018illius\u2019 then to Latin\u00a0ille<\/em>\u00a0(see\u00a0a<\/strong>\u00b3, \u0103l, acest<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

acer\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0(variants\u00a0acira<\/em>,\u00a0acina<\/em>) (reg.) (vb., I)\u00a0 \u2013 1. to wait; 2. to watch (Banat).<\/p>\n

Latin *acinari<\/em>\u00a0(Graur,\u00a0BL<\/em>, 4, 64; Cioranescu, 45). Latin\u00a0acinari<\/em>\u00a0has no attestation. On the other hand, Pu\u015fcariu (Dacor<\/em>., 2, 592) thinks that it derives from Albanian\u00a0kj\u00eblloni<\/em>\u00a0\u201eto take care\u201d, but the derivation it is not possible, althoguh this Albanian verb is a cognate of Romanian\u00a0acera<\/strong>. It seems to be of Thraco-Illyrian origin.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

ac\u1eb9st<\/strong>,\u00a0<\/strong>ac\u1eb9sta<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variant\u00a0\u0103sta<\/em>, Aromanian\u00a0<\/em>a\u0163estu, aest<\/em>(\u016d<\/em>)) (dem. pron.) –\u00a0 this.<\/p>\n

Latin\u00a0iste<\/em>,\u00a0ista<\/em>,\u00a0istud<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 11; Candrea-Densusianu, 13;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 4553; Cioranescu, 46). Romanian\u00a0acest<\/strong>(a<\/strong>) is a derivative of\u00a0\u0103sta<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018this\u2019 which is rather a cognate of Latin\u00a0iste<\/em>. Again Roamania\u00a0\u0103sta<\/strong>\u00a0comes closer to Umbrian\u00a0estu<\/em>\u00a0\u2018istum\u2019,\u00a0esto<\/em>\u00a0\u2018ista\u2019; cf. Albanian\u00a0k\u00eb<\/em>–to<\/em>\u00a0\u2018this\u2019.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

acio\u1ea1ie<\/strong>\u00a0(variant\u00a0cioaie<\/em>) (n., fem.) \u2013 bronze, yellow brass.<\/p>\n

Italian\u00a0acciaio<\/em>\u00a0\u2018steel\u2019 (Hasdeu,\u00a0Etym.<\/em>;\u00a0DAR<\/em>; Cioranescu, 49). Candrea and Scriban reject this hypothesis, although Hasdeu seems to be right.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

aciu\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0(variant\u00a0aciuia<\/em>,\u00a0aciola<\/em>,\u00a0acina<\/em>) (vb., I) \u2013 to hide, to shelter.<\/p>\n

OCS\u00a0ute\u010dati<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to run\u2019 (Cihac, 9). Latin *acellare<\/em>\u00a0< Latin\u00a0cella<\/em>\u00a0\u2018hiding place\u2019 (Philippide,\u00a0ZRPh<\/em>., 31, 287; Pu\u015fcariu,\u00a0Conv. lit<\/em>., 1908, 602;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 1802;\u00a0DAR<\/em>), Latin *accubiliare<\/em>\u00a0(Candrea-Densusianu, 10) or Latin\u00a0cieri<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to incite, to call\u2019 (Cioranescu, 50).<\/p>\n

All four hypotheses are inadequate, either phonologically or semantically. Although Philippide is partially right, since Latin\u00a0cella<\/em>\u00a0\u2018hiding place\u2019 is cognate to Romanian\u00a0aciua<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Romanian\u00a0aciua<\/strong>\u00a0derives from PIE *k<\/strong>\u2019el<\/strong>– \u2018to cover, to hide\u2019, with the nominal from\u00a0k<\/strong>\u2019olia \u2018<\/strong>cover, hiding place\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 553); cf. Latin\u00a0cilium<\/em>\u00a0\u2018eyelid\u2019, Gothic\u00a0hulian \u2018<\/em>to hide\u2019, Old Norse\u00a0hulia<\/em>, OHG\u00a0hullen \u2018<\/em>to cover\u2019. The noun\u00a0acioal\u0103<\/em>\u00a0\u2018hiding place\u2019 derives from\u00a0<\/strong>k\u2019olia<\/strong>\u00a0and the verbal form\u00a0aciola<\/em>\u00a0seems to be a derivative ofacioal\u0103<\/em>. All these forms present an initial\u00a0a<\/em>, one of the derivation method found in Romanian languages. From the same root derive some other Romanian words without an initial\u00a0a<\/em>\u00a0(see\u00a0colib\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018hut\u2019\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>coln\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\u2018a rudimentary shelter for animals or farming tools\u2019\u00a0<\/strong>,\u00a0\u015foric \u2018<\/strong>pork skin\u2019). Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

ac\u1ecdlo<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variants\u00a0acole<\/em>,\u00a0acolea<\/em>,\u00a0acol\u00f3,<\/em>\u00a0colo<\/em>,\u00a0<\/em>Aromanian\u00a0<\/em>acl\u00f3, acl\u00f3i acl\u00f3\u0163e<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0colo<\/em>\u00a0etc.<\/em>) (adv.) \u2013 there, over there.<\/p>\n

Latin *eccum illoc<\/em>\u00a0(Philippide,\u00a0Principii<\/em>, 92; Pu\u015fcariu, 15; Candrea-Densusianu, 12;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 4270; Cioranescu, 54). As in the case of\u00a0aici<\/strong>\u00a0(aci<\/em>) \u2018here\u2019 and Romanian demonstrative pronouns, adverbs and prepositions,\u00a0acolo<\/strong>\u00a0cannot derive from some strange Latin compound.<\/p>\n

Romanian\u00a0acolo<\/strong>\u00a0derives from PIE *k\u02b7el<\/strong>–\u00a0<\/em>\u2018<\/em>far away (in space or time\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 640). Bomhard (316) reconstructs a Proto-Nostratic*k\u02b7<\/strong>(h<\/strong>)ul<\/strong>-, *k\u02b7<\/strong>(h<\/strong>)ol<\/strong>– \u2018far off, far away, distant\u2019; cf. Greek\u00a0\u00a0\u03c4\u03ae\u03bb\u03b5 \u2018<\/em>far off, far away\u2019 and Welsh, Cornish, Breton\u00a0pell<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>\u201efar away\u201d, as well as in the Altaic family: cf. Classical Mongolian\u00a0qola<\/em>\u00a0\u2018far, distant\u2019, Buriat \u03c7olo \u2018far, distant\u2019 (see\u00a0acel, acest, \u00eencoace, \u00eencolo<\/strong>).<\/em>\u00a0Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

acoper\u1ecb<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variant\u00a0coperi<\/em>, Aromanian\u00a0acoapir<\/em>) (vb., I) \u2013 1. to cover; 2. to hide.<\/p>\n

Latin\u00a0cooperire<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to cover\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 395; Candrea-Densusianu, 307;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 2205; Cioranescu, 2379). In Latin,\u00a0cooperire<\/em>\u00a0was much less frequent then\u00a0operio<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 as opposed to\u00a0<\/em>aperio<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to open\u2019.<\/p>\n

It is found in all Romance languages; cf. Italian\u00a0coprire<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, French\u00a0couvrir<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Spanich\u00a0cubrir<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Vegliote\u00a0koprer<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 etc. Only Romanian form has an initiala<\/em>. Albanian\u00a0kaplo<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to cover\u2019 cannot derive form Latin, but it seems it is a cognate of the Romance forms.<\/p>\n

Both Latin forms\u00a0o-perio<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0a-perio<\/em>\u00a0derive from the same PIE *uerio<\/strong>\u00a0(Ernout-Meillet), found\u00a0 also in Italic, Baltic, Slavic and Sanskrit languages; cf. Osco-Umbrian\u00a0veru<\/em>\u00a0\u2018door\u2019, Lithuanian\u00a0u\u017e<\/em>–veriu<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to close\u2019,\u00a0ad<\/em>–veriu<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to open\u2019, OCS\u00a0vira<\/em>,\u00a0vreti<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to close\u2019 and Sanskrit\u00a0apavrnoti<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to open\u201d\u2019(III, sg.),\u00a0apivrnoti<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to close\u2019 (III, sg.).<\/p>\n

Derivatives:\u00a0acoperire<\/em>,\u00a0acoper\u0103m\u00e2nt<\/em>,\u00a0acoperi\u015f<\/em>,\u00a0acoperitor<\/em>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u1ea1cru<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0acru<\/em>\u00a0\u2018sour\u2019) (adj.) \u2013 sour.<\/p>\n

Vulgar Latin *acrus<\/em>\u00a0< Latin\u00a0acer<\/em>\u00a0\u2018sharp, enthusiastic, violent\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 15; Candrea-Densusianu, 13;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 92; Cioranescu, 59). Cognates are found in all Romance as well as in Albanian\u00a0egr\u00eb \u2018<\/em>sour\u2019.<\/p>\n

Latin\u00a0acer<\/em>\u00a0derives from PIE *ak<\/strong>\u2019er<\/strong>,\u00a0ok<\/strong>\u2019er<\/strong>\u00a0<\/em>din\u00a0ak<\/strong>-,\u00a0ok<\/strong>\u2019- \u2018sharp\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 24).<\/p>\n

Derivatives:\u00a0a acri<\/em>,\u00a0acreal\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0acri\u015for<\/em>,\u00a0acru\u0163<\/em>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

ac\u1ee5m<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variants\u00a0acnu<\/em>,\u00a0acmu<\/em>,\u00a0amu<\/em>,\u00a0acu<\/em>,\u00a0acu\u015fi<\/em>, Aromanian\u00a0amu<\/em>,\u00a0amo<\/em>\u00a0\u2018now\u2019, Megleno-Romanian (a)cmo<\/em>,\u00a0amu<\/em>,\u00a0mo<\/em>\u00a0\u2018now\u2019, Istro-Romanian (a<\/em>)cmo<\/em>, (a<\/em>)hmo<\/em>) \u2018now\u2019 (adv.) \u2013 now.<\/p>\n

Latin *eccum modo<\/em>\u00a0(Philippide,\u00a0Principii<\/em>, 92; Pu\u015fcariu, 18; Candrea-Densusianu, 14;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 5630, Cioranescu, 65). The putative Latin \u2018etymon\u2019 *eccum modo<\/em>would have a completely different meaning then Romanian\u00a0acum<\/strong>. On the other hand,\u00a0d<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>of\u00a0\u00a0modo<\/em>\u00a0should not drop off, even more it was not preserved in any of the many forms found in Romanian dialects.<\/p>\n

In other words, Latin *eccum modo<\/em>\u00a0would give in Romanian *ec<\/em>(u<\/em>)mod<\/em>, but not\u00a0acmu<\/em>,\u00a0acnu<\/em>, the older forms for \u2018now\u2019. Romanian\u00a0acnu<\/em>,\u00a0acmu<\/em>\u00a0derive\u00a0 from PIE *nu \u2018<\/strong>now\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 770), prefixed with\u00a0ac<\/em>-. The root is found in many other Indo-European languages; cf. Latin\u00a0\u00a0nunc<\/em>\u00a0\u2018now\u2019, Gothic\u00a0nu<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, OHG\u00a0nu<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Lithuanian\u00a0nu<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Tocharian A, B\u00a0nu<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Old Irish\u00a0nu<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Greek\u00a0\u03bd\u03c5<\/em>,\u00a0\u03bd\u03c5\u03bd<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019. The prefix\u00a0<\/em>ac<\/em>– is quite usual in Romanian in demonstrative pronouns and adverbs (see\u00a0<\/strong>acel<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018that\u2019,\u00a0<\/strong>acest<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018this\u2019,\u00a0<\/strong>a\u015fa<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018thus\u2019). Traco-Daian origin.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

ad\u0103lm\u1ea1\u015f<\/strong>\u00a0(variant\u00a0ald\u0103ma\u015f<\/em>) (n., neut.) \u2013 drink or meal offered after a transaction.<\/p>\n

Hungarian\u00a0adolm\u00e1s<\/em>\u00a0\u20181. toast, blessing; 2. pitcher of wine (fig.)\u2019 (Cihac, II, 475; Berneker, 27, G\u00e1ldi,\u00a0Dict.<\/em>, 86; Cioranescu, 184).<\/p>\n

Romanian\u00a0ad\u0103lma\u015f<\/strong>\u00a0has the same origin as\u00a0ad\u0103man\u0103<\/em>\u00a0\u2018bribery, gift\u2019; cf. Hungarian\u00a0adomany \u2018<\/em>id\u2019. Poghirc (ILR<\/em>, 327) associates Romanian\u00a0ad\u0103man\u0103<\/em>\u00a0with aademeni<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018to allure, to tempt\u2019 and\u00a0 considers it to be of Thraco-Dacian origin (see\u00a0ademeni<\/strong>). Hungarian borrowed these forms from Romanian. The word is found in some other neighboring languages; cf. Ukrainian\u00a0odoma\u0161<\/em>\u00a0\u2018gift\u2019, Serbian\u00a0alduma\u0161<\/em>\u00a0\u2018salary\u2019, Slovak\u00a0aldoma\u0161<\/em>\u00a0\u2018salary\u2019. Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

ad\u0103p\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0adap<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0dap<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0adopu<\/em>) (vb., I) – 1. to give water to an animal; 2. (refl<\/em>.) to drink water (about an animal).<\/p>\n

Latin\u00a0adaquare \u2018<\/em>to water, to sprinkle\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 20;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 147; Cioranescu, 69). The form is found only in Italian with the same meaning as in Latin The meaning of Romanian\u00a0ad\u0103pa<\/strong>\u00a0is found only in\u00a0Vulgata<\/em>, the Latin version of\u00a0Septuaginta<\/em>. The translation was done by Saint Hyeronymus, around 383 AD at the request of Pope Damasus. Saint Hyeronymus was born and lived part of his life in Illyria (see\u00a0ap\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\u2018water\u2019).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

ad\u0103st\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0adastu<\/em>) (vb., I) \u2013 to stand by, to wait.<\/p>\n

Latin *adastare<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>(Pu\u015fcariu, 22;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 148; Cioranescu, 72). Meyer-L\u00fcbke follows Pu\u015fcariu and translate Latin *adastare<\/em>\u00a0by \u2018to wait in line, to hesitate\u2019, while Cioranescu thinks that\u00a0adastare<\/em>\u00a0means \u2018to be present\u2019. In fact, this verb has no attestation whatsoever, neither in Ancient Latin (cf.\u00a0TLL<\/em>), nor in Medieval Latin (cf. Niermeyer). On the other hand, there are no cognates in any other Romance language.<\/p>\n

Romanian\u00a0ad\u0103sta<\/strong>\u00a0is a derivative of a\u00a0sta<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018to stay, to stand\u2019 prefixed with the preposition *ad<\/strong>\u00a0(as in\u00a0<\/strong>ad\u0103pa<\/strong>,\u00a0ad\u0103post<\/strong>(i)<\/em>, etc), therefore from an older *ad<\/em>–stare<\/em>\u00a0> *adastare \u2018<\/em>to stand by, to wait\u2019 (see\u00a0sta<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

ad\u0103ug\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variant\u00a0ad\u0103ugi,<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>Aromanian\u00a0<\/em>adavg<\/em>) (vb., I) \u2013 to add.<\/p>\n

Latin\u00a0adaugere<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to make bigger, to add\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 10; Candrea-Densusianu, 16;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 149; Cioranescu, 68).<\/p>\n

Dervatives:\u00a0adaus<\/em>,\u00a0ad\u0103ugire<\/em>,\u00a0ad\u0103ugare<\/em>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

ad\u0103p\u1ecdst<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(n., neut.) \u2013 shelter.<\/p>\n

Latin\u00a0ad depositum<\/em>\u00a0or *addapostum<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>(Philippide,\u00a0Principii<\/em>, 97; Tiktin; Pu\u015fcariu, 21; Rosetti, I, 161; Cioranescu, 70) or Latin\u00a0ad appos(i)tum<\/em>\u00a0(Candrea-Densusianu) where\u00a0appositum<\/em>\u00a0derives from\u00a0appono<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to put, to place\u2019 from an Old Latin *adponno<\/em>. All this discussion makes no sense since Old Latin cannot explain any Romanian etymology, unless one considers that a similar form may have existed in Thraco-Illyrian. Uncertain origin.<\/p>\n

Derivatives:\u00a0a ad\u0103posti<\/em>,\u00a0ad\u0103postire<\/em>,\u00a0ad\u0103posteal\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0ad\u0103postitor<\/em>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

ad\u0103u\u015f<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(adj.) \u2013 heavy breathing (about animals) (western Trans.)<\/p>\n

The authors of DAR assciate it with Hungarian\u00a0d\u00fch\u00f6s<\/em>\u00a0\u2018angry, furious\u2019, but this does make sense since the meaning of the two words are different. This adjective should be associated with\u00a0adia<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018to breeze\u2019 and\u00a0duios<\/strong>. It derives PIE\u00a0 *dheu<\/strong>-, *dheu<\/strong>– \u2018to breeze, to breathe, breath\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 261) prefixed with the preposition *ad<\/strong>as\u00a0adia<\/strong>\u00a0(see\u00a0adia<\/strong>,\u00a0duios<\/strong>). Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

ad\u1eadnc<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0ad\u00e2nc<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0d\u0103nca<\/em>) (adj.) \u2013 deep.<\/p>\n

Latin\u00a0aduncus<\/em>\u00a0(Pu\u015fcariu, 25; Candrea-Densusianu, 17; Tiktin).<\/p>\n

Latin\u00a0aduncus<\/em>\u00a0means \u2018aquiline, curved\u2019 in reference to body parts such as nose, beak or horns. Spanish\u00a0adunco<\/em>\u00a0has the same meaning as in Latin (cf. Williams, 1988), while Romanian\u00a0ad\u00e2nc<\/strong>\u00a0has a completly different meaning. Obviously this hypothesis cannot be accepted. On the other hand, a Latin round vowel cannot turn into a middle or front vowel in Romanian. Because of this, Meyer-L\u00fcbke\u00a0 (REW<\/em>, 144) and Rosetti (ILR<\/em>, 161) proposed a Vulgar Latin *adancus,<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>but this form has no attestation or any cognates in any other Romance language. In other words, none of these two hypotheses can be accepted.<\/p>\n

Romanian\u00a0ad\u00e2nc<\/strong>\u00a0may be associated with PIE *dheub<\/strong>-,\u00a0<\/strong>dheup<\/strong>– *dheug<\/strong>-, *dheuk<\/strong>– \u2018deep, hole\u2019,\u00a0dhumb<\/strong>\u00a0<\/em>\u2018<\/em>hole or depression into the ground\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 267). Romanian\u00a0ad\u00e2nc<\/strong>\u00a0seems to derive from *dheuk<\/strong>-, with a later nazal infix as in Celtic languages and prefixation with *ad<\/strong>, therefore a *ad<\/em>–demk<\/em>, *ad<\/em>–denk<\/em>; cf. Irishdomhain<\/em>\u00a0\u2018deep\u2019, Welsh\u00a0dwfn<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Cornish\u00a0down<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Breton\u00a0doun<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 as well as Gothic\u00a0diups<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 and Lithuanian\u00a0dumbaris<\/em>\u00a0\u2018a deep hole full of water\u2019 can be added as a cognate.\u00a0 Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

Derivatives:\u00a0ad\u00e2ncire<\/em>,\u00a0ad\u00e2ncime<\/em>,\u00a0ad\u00e2ncitur\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0ad\u00e2ncit<\/em>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

ademen\u1ecb<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(vb., IV)\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 1. to atract; 2 to seduce.<\/p>\n

Cihac (2, 202) associates it with a\u00a0<\/strong>momi<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 and OCS\u00a0mamiti<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to cheat\u2019. From Hungarian\u00a0adomany \u2018<\/em>gift, donation\u2019 (DAR<\/em>; Cioranescu, 73). Instead, Hasdeu considers it to be of Thraco-Dacian origin (Col. lui Traian<\/em>, 1874, 102). This Romanian verb has the same structure as\u00a0ad\u0103pa<\/strong>,\u00a0ad\u0103post<\/strong>(i),<\/em>\u00a0ad\u0103sta<\/strong>, namely a (verbal) root prefixed by preposition *ad<\/strong>. In other words, from an older *admeni<\/em>. Poghirc (ILR<\/em>, 327) shows that\u00a0ad\u0103man\u0103<\/em>\u00a0\u2018gift, bribe\u2019 is related to Phrygian\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1\u03bc\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>(in Hesychius; cf. Hasdeu,\u00a0Col. lui Traian<\/em>, 1874, 102). As one may see the Phrygian form is built in the same manner. Pre-Roman origin (seead\u0103lma\u015f<\/strong>,\u00a0<\/strong>momi<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

Derivatives:\u00a0ademenire<\/em>,\u00a0ademeneal\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0ademenitor<\/em>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

ad\u1eb9s<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variants\u00a0adesea<\/em>,\u00a0adeseori<\/em>) (adv.) \u2013 frequently.<\/p>\n

It is a compound from from\u00a0a<\/strong>\u00b2\u00a0<\/strong>\u015fi\u00a0des<\/strong>\u00a0(see\u00a0des<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

adev\u1eb7r<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0aver<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0veru<\/em>\u00a0\u2018truly\u2019) (n., neut.) \u2013 truth.<\/p>\n

Vulgar Latin *ad-de-verum<\/em>\u00a0(Philippide,\u00a0Principii<\/em>, 96; Pu\u015fcariu, 24;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 9262; Cioranescu, 77).<\/p>\n

This Latin \u2018etymon\u2019 cannot be accepted. It is not attested anywhere and there are no cognates forms in any Romance language to derive form this putative etymon. The Daco-Romanian and the Aromanian forms indicates an older *adver<\/em>, from PIE *\u016der<\/strong>– \u2018truth\u2019 (Walde, 2, 728) prefixed with the preposition *ad<\/strong>, while Istro-Romanian\u00a0<\/em>veru<\/em>\u00a0kept the root as it was. The root can be found in many Indo-European languages; cf. Sanskrit\u00a0ri<\/em>–vrata<\/em>\u00a0\u2018the one who tells the truth\u2019, Latin\u00a0verus \u2018<\/em>true\u2019, OHG\u00a0war<\/em>\u00a0\u2018truth\u2019, Irish\u00a0fir<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Welsh\u00a0gwir<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, OCS\u00a0vera<\/em>\u00a0\u2018belief\u2019, Avestan\u00a0v\u0259r\u0259ne<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to believe\u2019, as well as Albanian\u00a0v\u00ebrtet<\/em>\u00a0\u2018inded\u2019,\u00a0v\u00ebrtet\u00eb<\/em>\u00a0\u2018truth\u2019.<\/p>\n

Derivatives:\u00a0a<\/em>\u00a0(se<\/em>)\u00a0adeveri<\/em>,\u00a0adeverin\u0163\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0adeveritor<\/em>,\u00a0neadev\u0103r<\/em>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

adi\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variant\u00a0aduia<\/em>\u00a0(Trans.) Aromanian\u00a0adil\u2019iu<\/em>\u00a0\u20181. to breathe; 2. to caress\u2019) (vb., I) \u2013 1. to blow, to breeze; 2. to breathe gently; 3. to caress.<\/p>\n

Vulgar Latin *aduliare<\/em>\u00a0<\/em><\u00a0adulare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to adulate, to flatter\u2019 (REW, 204) or Latin *adiliare<\/em>\u00a0<\/em><\u00a0ilia<\/em>\u00a0\u2018intestines\u2019 (Candrea,\u00a0Conv. lit<\/em>., 39, 119; Pascu, I, 102). It is obvious that both etymons should be rejected because their meanings are completely different.<\/p>\n

Cihac (2, 1) thinks that it derives form Polish\u00a0odwia\u010d<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to breathe\u2019, while Scriban associates it with Bulgarian\u00a0duja<\/em>\u00a0and Serbian\u00a0dujem<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to breathe\u2019. The Slavic forms are, indeed, cognates to Romanian\u00a0adia<\/strong>, but it can be derived from any of them, but all these forms derive from PIE *dheu<\/strong>-, *dheu<\/strong>– \u2018to breeze, to breathe, breath\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 261); cf. Sanskrit\u00a0\u00a0apa<\/em>–dvan<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to rise\u2019\u00a0upa<\/em>–dvan<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to fly towards\u2019. The Aromanian form indicates an older *adilio<\/em>, –are<\/em>. Again the verbal root is prefixed by preposition *ad<\/strong>. It is related to\u00a0duios<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018loving, affectionate\u2019 and\u00a0ad\u0103u\u015f<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018heavy breathing\u2019 (see\u00a0duios<\/strong>,\u00a0<\/strong>ad\u0103u\u015f<\/strong>). Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

ad\u1ecbc\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0(variants\u00a0adec\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0adic\u0103t\u0103le<\/em>,\u00a0adic\u0103t\u0103lea<\/em>) (adv.) \u2013 1. namely, strictly speaking; 2. therefore.<\/p>\n

For this Romanian word there were proposed some of the most bizarre etymologies.<\/p>\n

From Greek\u00a0\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae<\/em>\u00a0\u2018justice\u2019 (Hasdeu,\u00a0Etym<\/em>.; Jarnik,\u00a0ZRPh<\/em>., 27; Candrea,\u00a0Elem<\/em>., 64) or Latin\u00a0ad id quod<\/em>\u00a0(Philippide,\u00a0Principii<\/em>, 7) or even Turkish (Arabic)\u00a0dakika<\/em>\u2018moment, second\u2019 (Lokotsch, 469) and some others not worthy to mention. Obviously, none of these etymologies can be accepted.<\/p>\n

Nevertheless, there is a Latin\u00a0adaeque<\/em>\u00a0(ad<\/em>–aeque<\/em>) \u2018equally, thus\u2019 (in\u00a0Corpus gloss<\/em>.\u00a0lat<\/em>., 5, 21; cf. Cioranescu, 81) which the Latin verb\u00a0adaequo<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to make equal\u2019 derives from (cf. Glare, 1997). On the other hand, Latin\u00a0adaeque<\/em>\u00a0is extremely rare and one cannot tell if it can be associated with Romanian\u00a0adic\u0103<\/strong>. Furthermore, there are not cognates in any Romance languages. However, it may be associated with a\u00a0zice<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018to say\u2019, since it has a similar meaning with the expression\u00a0va s\u0103 zic\u0103<\/em>\u2018therefore\u2019, although it is not clear why\u00a0d<\/em>\u00a0did not turn into\u00a0z<\/em>. Uncertain origin (see\u00a0zice<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

adine\u1ea1uri<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variants\u00a0adineaori<\/em>,\u00a0adineaorea<\/em>) (adv.) \u2013 a little while ago, not too long ago.<\/p>\n

Latin\u00a0in illa hora<\/em>\u00a0(Pu\u015fcariu, 26;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 4146) would give in Romanian *ilioar\u0103<\/em>\u00a0or *inioar\u0103<\/em>, similar to Italian\u00a0allora<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0illa hora<\/em>. Latin *ad de in illa horam<\/em>(Pu\u015fcariu, 26). This hypothesis does not make any sense. Needless to say that a compound of five Latin elements to \u2018explain\u2019 the etymology of a Romanian word cannot be accepted. This adverb should be associated with\u00a0oar\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018time\u2019 and\u00a0odinioar\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0(see\u00a0oar\u0103<\/strong>,\u00a0odinioar\u0103<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

ad\u1ecbns<\/strong>\u00a0(variants\u00a0\u00eenadins<\/em>,\u00a0dinadins<\/em>) (adv.) \u2013 on purpose, deliberately.<\/p>\n

Latin *ad ipsum illum<\/em>\u00a0(REW<\/em>, 4541;\u00a0DAR<\/em>) or Latin\u00a0ad idipsum \u2018<\/em>just for this\u2019 (Cioranescu, 84). In both cases the derivation is not possible. It is a derivative of\u00a0ins<\/strong>\u2018individual\u2019 (see\u00a0ins<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

adorm\u1ecb<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0adormu<\/em>) (vb., IV)\u00a0 \u2013 1. to fall asleep; 2. death, demise (rel.).<\/p>\n

Latin\u00a0addormire<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to fall asleep\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 27; Candrea-Densusianu., 509;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 157; Cioranescu, 92) (see\u00a0<\/strong>dormi \u2018<\/strong>to sleep\u2019).<\/p>\n

Derivatives:\u00a0adormire<\/em>,\u00a0adormitor<\/em>,\u00a0adormi\u0163\u00e9le<\/em>\u00a0\u2018pasqueflowers, morning glories\u2019.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

ad\u1ee5ce<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0aduc<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0duc<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0aducu<\/em>) (vb., III) \u2013 1. to bring; 2. to bend; 3. to be like, to resemble.<\/p>\n

Latin\u00a0adducere<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to pull\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 28; Candrea-Densusianu., 518;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 160; Cioranescu, 94); cf. Italian\u00a0addure<\/em>, Catalan\u00a0adur<\/em>, Spanish\u00a0aducir<\/em>\u00a0(see\u00a0duce<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

Derivatives:\u00a0aducere<\/em>,\u00a0aduc\u0103tur\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0adus\u0103tur\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0aduc\u0103tor<\/em>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

adulmec\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0(variants\u00a0adulma<\/em>,\u00a0aulma<\/em>,\u00a0olm<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>\u201esmell\u201d,\u00a0ulma<\/em>\u00a0\u201eid\u201d) (vb., I) – 1. to scent, to smell, to sniff, to follow by smell; 2. to sense, to notice.<\/p>\n

Latin *adolmicare<\/em>\u00a0(Hasdeu,\u00a0Etym<\/em>., 386; Pu\u015fcariu, 29) or Latin *adosmare<\/em>\u00a0(REW<\/em>, 6112). Cioranescu (95) considers it of obscure origin, but he associates it with Latin *adosmare<\/em>\u00a0< Latin *osmare<\/em>, from Greek\u00a0\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c9<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to sniff, to smell\u2019. None of these hypotheses can be accepted, since the proposed etymons are not attested or there are no cognates in any of the Romance languages. On the other hand, Romanian\u00a0adulmeca<\/strong>\u00a0is cognate to Greek\u00a0\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c9<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Romanian\u00a0adulmeca<\/strong>\u00a0derives from PIE *od<\/strong>– \u2018to smell\u2019, *od<\/strong>–ma<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018smell, aroma, perfume\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 712); cf. Armenian\u00a0hot<\/em>\u00a0\u2018steam, smell\u2019,\u00a0hotim<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to smell\u2019, Homeric Greek\u00a0\u03bf\u03b4\u03bc\u03ae<\/em>, Dorian Greek\u00a0\u03bf\u03b4\u03bc\u03ac<\/em>\u00a0\u2018steam, smell\u2019, Latin\u00a0odefacio<\/em>,\u00a0olefacio<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to smell\u2019,\u00a0oleo<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to smell, to stink\u2019, Lithuanian\u00a0\u01d4od\u017eiu<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to smell\u2019. It seems that the Romanian verb derives from the nominal form *odma<\/strong>\u00a0<\/em>\u2018<\/em>smell\u2019. Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

Derivatives:\u00a0adulmecare<\/em>,\u00a0adulmec\u0103tor<\/em>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

adun\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0adun<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0dun<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0aduru<\/em>) (vb., I) \u2013 1. to gather, to bring together; 2. to heap, to accumulate; 3 to add.<\/p>\n

Latin\u00a0adunare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to unite, to bring together\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 31;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 209; Cioranescu, 97); cf. Italian\u00a0adunare<\/em>, Spanish, Catalan, Portuguese\u00a0aunar<\/em>. The verbal formadunare<\/em>\u00a0is rare in Latin (only in a few Late Latin glosses), while the noun\u00a0adunatio<\/em>\u00a0\u2018gathering, reunion\u2019 is found more often.<\/p>\n

Derivatives:\u00a0adunare<\/em>,\u00a0adunat<\/em>,\u00a0adun\u0103tur\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0adun\u0103tor<\/em>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u1ea1er<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0aeru<\/em>) (n., neut.)\u00a0 \u2013 1. air; 2. look, appereance.<\/p>\n

Latin\u00a0aer<\/em>\u00a0(Pu\u015fcariu, 43;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 240;\u00a0DAR<\/em>; Cioranescu, 101). Panromanic; cf. Albanian\u00a0aj\u00ebr<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019. The meaning #2 is borrowed from French. The word itself is not a modern loanword since it is attested in Romanian Balkan dialects.<\/p>\n

Derivatives:\u00a0a aera<\/em>,\u00a0aereal\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0aeresc<\/em>,\u00a0aerian<\/em>,\u00a0aerisi<\/em>\u00a0< Neo-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03c9<\/em>, as well as modern loanwords such as\u00a0aeroplan<\/em>,\u00a0aeronaut<\/em>,\u00a0aeronav\u0103<\/em>\u00a0etc.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

af\u1ea1r\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0afoar\u0103<\/em>) (adv.) \u2013 outside, beyond.<\/p>\n

Latin\u00a0ad foras<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0foras<\/em>\u00a0\u2018outside\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 33; Candrea-Densusianu, 550;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 265; Cioranescu, 105); cf. Italian\u00a0fuori<\/em>, Old French\u00a0afors<\/em>, Spanish\u00a0afuera<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Walde (1, 529) erroneously derives Latin\u00a0\u00a0foris<\/em>\u00a0(foras<\/em>) from PIE *dhuor<\/strong>\u00a0<\/em>\u2018<\/em>door\u2019.<\/p>\n

However, there are similar forms in other Indo-European languages; cf. Albanian\u00a0af\u00ebr<\/em>\u00a0\u2018next, close\u2019, Gothic\u00a0afar<\/em>\u00a0\u2018beyond\u2019, Hittite\u00a0para \u2018<\/em>outside\u2019, Sanskrit\u00a0apara<\/em>\u2018behind, later\u2019, Armenian\u00a0ap\u0384n<\/em>\u00a0\u2018shore\u2019, OHG\u00a0ufer<\/em>\u00a0\u2018shore\u2019. All these forms seem to derive from PIE *\u0101pero \u2018<\/strong>shore\u2019\u00a0<\/em>(IEW<\/em>, 53).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u1ea1fin<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0afin<\/em>) (n., masc) \u2013 blueberry bush (Vaccinium myrtillus<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Hungarian\u00a0afonya<\/em>\u00a0(Cihac, 2, 475), but Cihac is wrong about it, since the form is found in Aromanian as well, which is spoken in Greece, Albanian and southern Bulgaria and therefore\u00a0 it cannot borrow it form Hungarian. From Latin\u00a0daphne<\/em>\u00a0\u2018laurel\u2019 (Herzog,\u00a0RF<\/em>, 1, 94-104). In this case, the derivation is not possible, although the two forms are cognates. Romanian\u00a0afin<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>should be associated with Calabrian\u00a0afina<\/em>\u00a0\u2018laurel\u2019 which seems to be inherited from Oscan language. Latindaphne<\/em>\u00a0is a loanword from Greek\u00a0\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03bd\u03b7<\/em>. Chantraine (255) argues that the Greek form is of Mediterranean origin; cf. Micenian\u00a0dapu<\/em>. From Romanian it was borrowed into other neighboring languages; cf. Ukrainian\u00a0jafina<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u201d\u2019, Polish\u00a0<\/em>iafira<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Transylvanian Saxon\u00a0afunie<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019. There is no doubt that Hungarianafonya<\/em>\u00a0is a loanword from Romanian as well. Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

Derivatives:\u00a0afin\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0afini\u015f<\/em>,\u00a0afinat\u0103<\/em>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

afl\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0aflu<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0oflu<\/em>) (vb., I) \u2013 1. to find out, to come up with; 2. to hear, to learn.<\/p>\n

Latin\u00a0afflare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to breathe\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 34; Candrea-Densusianu, 19;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 261; Cioranescu, 114). There are similar forms in other Romance languages; cf. Veglioteaflatura<\/em>, Calabrian\u00a0ahhare<\/em>, Spanish\u00a0haller<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to find\u2019, Portuguese\u00a0achar<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Romansch\u00a0afla<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019.<\/p>\n

The meaning of Latin\u00a0afflare<\/em>\u00a0is completely different, therefore, it cannot be the etymon of Romance forms which seems to be of Pre-Roman origin.<\/p>\n

Schuchardt (ZRPh<\/em>., 20, 536) believes that there was a meaning deviation of the expression of\u00a0mihi afflatur \u2018<\/em>one whispered to me\u2019. Later on, he came up with another hypothesis (ZRPh<\/em>, 31, 719; 32, 230), arguing that the meaning in Romance languages derives from the hunting jargon, namely the hound \u2018find out\u2019 by smelling (by breathing) the prey. I cannnot accept such an \u201cexplanation\u201d even if it comes from one of the greatest linguists such as Hugo Schuchardt.\u00a0 Corominas (3, 308) derives Spanich\u00a0hallar<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to find\u2019 < Old Spanish\u00a0falar<\/em>. from Latin\u00a0afflare.<\/em><\/p>\n

A similar verb is found in Medio-Greek\u00a0\u03ac\u03bb\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to search, to look for\u2019, which made Cihac (2, 633) to believe that Romanian a\u00a0<\/strong>afla<\/strong>\u00a0is of Greek origin. The Medio-Greek\u00a0 verb may be a loanword from Late Thraco-Dacian or from Proto-Romanian, since it is not attested in ancient Greek. It seems to be of Pre-Roman origin.<\/p>\n

Derivatives:\u00a0aflare<\/em>,\u00a0afl\u0103tor<\/em>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

afuris\u1ecb<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0afurisire<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0<\/em>furisit<\/em>) (vb., I) \u2013 1. to excommunicate, to anathemize; 2. to curse, to damn.<\/p>\n

Medio-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03c9<\/em>, aorist\u00a0\u03b1\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 (Roesler, 565; Cioranescu, 117); cf. Bulgarian\u00a0afurisati<\/em>, Turkish\u00a0aforoz<\/em>. From Romanian it was borrowed into Transylvanian Saxon\u00a0afurisin<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to curse\u2019.<\/p>\n

Derivatives:\u00a0afurisenie<\/em>,\u00a0afurisit<\/em>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

ag\u1ea1le<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0agale<\/em>) (adv.) –\u00a0 slowly, step by step.<\/p>\n

Neo-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u2018<\/em>slowly\u2019 (Meyer,\u00a0Neugr. St.<\/em>, 4, 6, G\u00e1ldi, 141; Cioranescu, 120), which, according to these authors, derives from Italian\u00a0uguale<\/em>. Italian\u00a0uguale<\/em>means \u2018equal, same\u2019 and, therefore, cannot be the etymon of these Balkanic forms. There is a similar form with the same meaning in Albanian\u00a0ngadal\u00eb<\/em>\u00a0\u2018slowly\u2019 which cannot be a loanword from\u00a0 Neo-Greek. Neo-Greek borrowed it from Aromanian. Thraco-Illyrian origin.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

ag\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0 (n., masc.) (obs.) \u2013 1. high rank military officer in Turkish army.<\/p>\n

Turkish\u00a0aga<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 (Roesler, 587; \u015e\u0103ineanu, II, 10; Cioranescu, 118).<\/p>\n

Derivatives:\u00a0agie<\/em>\u00a0(obs.) \u2018police headquarters\u2019.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

ageam\u1ecbu<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0a\u011fami<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0a\u011famiia<\/em>) (adj.) \u2013 ignorant, incapable.<\/p>\n

Turkish\u00a0acemi<\/em>\u00a0< Arabic\u00a0<\/em>a\u011fam<\/em>\u00a0\u2018Barbarian\u2019 (\u015e\u0103ineanu, II, 12; Cioranescu, 125); cf. Neo-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c4\u03b6\u03b1\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2<\/em>, Bulgarian\u00a0a\u011famija<\/em>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u1ea1ger<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 1. keen, penetrating; 2. active, industrious.<\/p>\n

Latin\u00a0agilis<\/em>\u00a0\u2018agile\u2019 (Cipariu,\u00a0Gram., II<\/em>, 344; Pu\u015fcariu, 37; Candrea-Densusianu, 19;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 230).<\/p>\n

Turkish\u00a0\u00a0acar<\/em>\u00a0(pron.\u00a0agear<\/em>) \u2018industrious, keen, penetratating\u2019 seems to be a loanword from Romanian.<\/p>\n

Derivatives:\u00a0a ageri<\/em>,\u00a0agerime<\/em>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

aghi\u1ea1sm\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0(variant\u00a0aiazm\u0103<\/em>, Aromanian\u00a0agiazma<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0ghiasm\u00e1<\/em>) (n., fem.) – holy water.<\/p>\n

Medio-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 (Cioranescu, 129); cf. Albanian\u00a0ajazm\u00eb<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Bulgarian\u00a0agiazma<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019<\/p>\n

Derivatives:\u00a0a aghesmui<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to sprinkle with holy water\u2019,\u00a0aghiazmatar<\/em>\u00a0\u2018vessel for holy water\u2019.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

ag\u00e2mb\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0(vb., I) (dial.) \u2013 to hunt, to trample.<\/p>\n

Latin\u00a0gamba<\/em>\u00a0(Philippide, II, 643) or from Latin *aggambare<\/em>\u00a0(REW<\/em>, 1529;\u00a0DAR<\/em>). Both hypotheses are rejected by Cioranescu (131). He considers it of unknown origin, especially because these \u201cetymons\u201d cannot explain forms such as\u00a0ag\u00e2mbeal\u0103<\/em>\u00a0\u2018epilepsy\u2019 and\u00a0ag\u00e2mbat<\/em>\u00a0\u2018poor, unhappy person\u2019.<\/p>\n

Romanian\u00a0<\/strong>ag\u00e2mba<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>seems to derive from PIE *gheubh<\/strong>– \u2018to curb, to bend\u2019 (Walde, I, 597;\u00a0IEW<\/em>, 450) with the epenthesis of\u00a0m<\/em>, a frequent phonological phenomenon in Romanian. Similar forms are found in some other neighboring Indo-European languages; cf. Latvian\u00a0gubtu<\/em>,\u00a0gubt<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to bend, to curb\u2019, Lithuaniangeibus<\/em>\u00a0\u2018weak\u2019, Greek\u00a0\u03ba\u03c5\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0\u2018curbed, bend\u2019 (see\u00a0gheb<\/strong>). Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

Derivatives:\u00a0ag\u00e2mbeal\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0ag\u00e2mbat<\/em>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

agina<\/strong>\u00a0(vb., I) (reg., Olt.) \u2013 to cease, to stop.<\/p>\n

It seems to be a compound form a verbal root\u00a0gin<\/strong>– prefixed with the preposition a. I could not identify any cognate in other Indo-European languages. Unknown\u00a0 origin.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

agonis\u1ecb<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanain\u00a0agunisescu<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0angunes\u00e9s<\/em>) (vb., IV) \u2013 1. to work hard, to toil (obs.<\/em>); 2. to gain; 3. to save.<\/p>\n

Medio-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to fight\u2019 (Roesler, 563;\u00a0DAR<\/em>; Cioranescu, 134).<\/p>\n

Derivatives:\u00a0agoniseal\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0agonisit\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0agonisitor<\/em>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

agr\u1ecb\u015f<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(n., masc.) \u2013 gooseberry bush (Ribes grossularia<\/em>), barberry bush (Berberis vulagre<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Hungarian\u00a0egres<\/em>\u00a0\u2018gooseberry\u2019 (G\u00e1ldi, 82; Cioranescu, 136), itself from MHG\u00a0agras<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>< Old French\u00a0aigras<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>< Latin\u00a0acrus<\/em>\u00a0(cf. Cioranescu).<\/p>\n

Berneker (2, 5) argues that OCS\u00a0agres<\/em>, Czech\u00a0agrest<\/em>, Polish\u00a0<\/em>agrest<\/em>\u00a0are deriving from Italian\u00a0agresto<\/em>\u00a0\u2018unripe grapes\u2019. According to Miklosich (Fremdw., 73), Albanaian\u00a0grest\u00eb<\/em>\u00a0as well as Serbian\u00a0gre\u0161<\/em>,\u00a0ogre\u0161ta<\/em>\u00a0derive from Italian as well; cf. Russian\u00a0agrest<\/em>,\u00a0agrus<\/em>\u00a0\u2018agri\u015f\u2019. According to\u00a0 Vasmer (I, 5) the Russian forms are borrowed from Polish, Ukrainian\u00a0agrest<\/em>, which is also borrowed\u00a0 from Italian\u00a0agresto<\/em>.<\/p>\n

The forms presented above do not seem to derive from the same source, namely some of them may derive from Italian and others from Romanian. Italian\u00a0agresto<\/em>seems to be cognate with Romnian\u00a0<\/strong>agurid\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018wild grapes\u2019 found in Albanian as well. It is obvious that Latin acrus<\/em>\u00a0\u2018sour\u2019 and Romanian\u00a0<\/strong>agri\u015f<\/strong>\u00a0derive from the same root. There are in Romanian other lexical elements deriving from the same root:\u00a0acri\u015f<\/em>\u00a0(dial.) \u2018yoghurt\u2019 and\u00a0m\u0103cri\u015f<\/em>\u00a0(variant\u00a0macri\u015f<\/em>) \u2018sorrel\u2019 due to their taste. Hungarian\u00a0egres<\/em>\u00a0is a loanword from Romanian (see\u00a0acru \u2018<\/strong>sour\u2019,\u00a0agurid\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018wild grapes\u2019).<\/p>\n

Derivatives:\u00a0agri\u015f\u0103<\/em>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u1ea1gru<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(dial.) (Aromanian and Megleno-Romanian\u00a0agru<\/em>) (n., neut.) \u2013 field.<\/p>\n

Latin\u00a0agrum<\/em>\u00a0(acc. of\u00a0ager<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>\u201efield\u201d) (Pu\u015fcariu, 38; Candrea-Densusianu, 21;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 276). Latin\u00a0ager<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>derives from PIE *ag<\/strong>\u2019ro<\/strong>–s<\/strong>\u00a0(Walde, 1, 22). The root has derivatives in many Indo-European languages: cf. Umbrian\u00a0ager \u2018<\/em>id\u2019, Sanskrit\u00a0ajrah<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Gothic\u00a0akrs<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, OHG\u00a0ackar<\/em>\u00a0\u201eid\u201d, NHG\u00a0Acker<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019. The form\u00a0agru<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>is used only in some dialects, including Aromanian and Megleno-Romanian. The usual form in today\u2019s Daco-Romanian is\u00a0\u00a0ogor<\/strong>\u00a0(see\u00a0ogor<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

ag\u1ee5d\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(n., fem.) \u2013 mullberry.<\/p>\n

OCS *agoda<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>(Hasdeu, 534). The Old Church Slavonic *agoda<\/em>\u00a0is not attested, but it was reconstructed from Serbian\u00a0jagoda<\/em>\u00a0\u2018wild strawberry\u2019 and therefore the hypothesis cannot be accepted, since one does not know what the origin of Serbian\u00a0jagoda<\/em>\u00a0is. On the other hand, Romanian\u00a0agud\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0cannot derive from Serbianjagoda<\/em>, which would give in Romanian *iagod\u0103<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Romanian\u00a0agud\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0derives from the same root as\u00a0agri\u015f<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>and\u00a0agurid\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0(see\u00a0agri\u015f<\/strong>,\u00a0agurid\u0103<\/strong>), due to their sour taste (see\u00a0acru<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

agur\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0(vb., I) (obs., dial.) \u2013 to predict, to forecast.<\/p>\n

Latin\u00a0a<\/em>(u<\/em>)gurare<\/em>\u00a0(Densusianu,\u00a0Rom<\/em>., 28, 61; Pu\u015fcariu, 39; Candrea-Densusianu, 23,\u00a0REW<\/em>, 784;\u00a0DAR<\/em>; Cioranescu, 139). The word is preserved in western Transylvania, only.<\/p>\n

Cioranescu rejects Pascu\u2019s hypothesis (1, 178) that Aromanian\u00a0ugure<\/em>\u00a0\u2018prophecy\u2019 is not inherited, but a loanword from Turkish which borrowed it from Neo-Greek\u00a0\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03af<\/em>\u00a0< Latin\u00a0augurium<\/em>. Latin origin.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

agur\u1ecbd\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variant\u00a0acrid<\/em>\u00a0(obs.), Aromanian\u00a0agurid\u0103<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0gurid\u0103<\/em>) (n., fem.) \u2013 wild vine, wild grapes.<\/p>\n

Medio-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1<\/em>\u00a0from\u00a0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0\u2018green\u2019 (Miklosich,\u00a0Fremdw.<\/em>\u00a073; Cioranescu, 140); cf. Albanian\u00a0aguridh\u00eb<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Bulgarian\u00a0agurida<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019. The Medio-Greek forms invoked by Miklosich are not attested in this language (cf. Lampe). The variant\u00a0acrid<\/em>\u00a0is a derivative of\u00a0acru<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018sour\u2019. It must be of Thraco-Illyrian origin, being present in Albanian and Bulgarian as well. It is related to\u00a0agud\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0(see\u00a0acru<\/strong>,\u00a0<\/strong>agud\u0103<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

Derivatives:\u00a0agurijoar\u0103<\/em>\u00a0\u201erose moss\u201d (Portulaca grandifora<\/em>).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u1ea1gust<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variants\u00a0gust<\/em>,\u00a0gustar<\/em>,\u00a0agustru<\/em>, Aromanian\u00a0avgustu<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0avgust<\/em>) (n., masc.) \u2013 the month of August.<\/p>\n

Vulgar Latin *agustus<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>(Pu\u015fcariu, 40; Candrea-Densusianu, 24;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 786); cf. Albanian\u00a0gusht \u2018<\/em>id\u2019.<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>Present day form\u00a0august<\/strong>\u00a0is a modern adaptation dating form 19th century.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

ah<\/strong>\u00a0(variant\u00a0a<\/em>,\u00a0aha<\/em>) (interj.) \u2013 an interjection expressing pain.<\/p>\n

The variants\u00a0\u00a0a<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0aha<\/em>\u00a0are expressing surprise or satisfaction. According Cioranescu (142), it is an imitative formation; cf.\u00a0 Sanskrit\u00a0aho<\/em>\u00a0\u2018interjection expressing as surprise or pain\u2019. Both may be associates with PIE *\u0101<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018exclamation expressing wonder\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 1) (see\u00a0a<\/strong>\u00b9).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

ai<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian,\u00a0 Megleno-Romanian\u00a0al\u2019u<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0ol\u2019u<\/em>) (dial.) (n., masc.) \u2013 garlic.<\/p>\n

Latin\u00a0alium<\/em>\u00a0\u2018garlic\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 47; Candrea-Densusianu;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 366; Cioranescu, 145). The root is found in Albanian and Sanskrit as well. cf. Albanian\u00a0aj<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Sanskrit\u00a0alu<\/em>–h<\/em>,\u00a0alukam<\/em>\u00a0\u2018root, bulb\u2019.<\/p>\n

All these forms derive from PIE *alu<\/strong>-,\u00a0al\u014d<\/strong>– \u2018plant, bitter bulb\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 33). Romanian\u00a0ai<\/strong>\u00a0is used only in some dialects of Transylvania of Daco-Romanian and in the Balkan dialects.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

aic\u1ecb<\/strong>\u00a0(variant\u00a0aci,<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>Aromanian\u00a0<\/em>ao\u00e1, a\u0163ia \u2018<\/em>there\u2019) (adv.) \u2013 here.<\/p>\n

Latin *eccum<\/em>–hic<\/em>\u00a0(Pu\u015fcariu, 12; Candrea-Densusianu, 8;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 4129). Panromanic. Similar forms are found in other Indo-European languages of different groups; cf. Umbrian\u00a0essu<\/em>, Oscan\u00a0eks<\/em>-,\u00a0uk<\/em>, Lithuanian\u00a0\u010dia<\/em>\u00a0\u2018here\u2019, and Sanskrit\u00a0iha<\/em>\u00a0\u2018here\u2019. The particle\u00a0a<\/em>– is a deictic prefix, as in other Romanian words (see\u00a0a<\/strong>\u00b3, acolo, acel<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

Derivatives:\u00a0acilea<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 (cf.\u00a0acolea<\/em>).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

a\u1ecbdoma<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(adv.) \u2013 1. same, identical; 2. real, indeed.<\/p>\n

OCS\u00a0vidom\u016d<\/em>\u00a0\u2018visible\u2019 < OCS\u00a0videti \u2018<\/em>to see\u2019, which turned in Romanian into an adverb having added a prothetic\u00a0a<\/strong>\u00a0 (Cihac, 2, 2; Cioranescu, 149).<\/p>\n

The Old Church Slavonic etymon invoked by Cihac is not attested (cf. Dja\u010denko).\u00a0 On the other hand, this hypothesis cannot explain the initial\u00a0a<\/em>. However, similar forms are found in Sanskrit and Lithuanian; cf. Sanskrit\u00a0avi\u0161<\/em>\u00a0\u2018open before one\u2019s eyes\u2019, Lithuanian\u00a0avytis<\/em>\u00a0\u2018which can be seen\u2019.<\/p>\n

Obviously, all these froms are derivatives of the PIE *\u1ee5edi<\/strong>– \u201eto see, to perceive\u201d (IEW<\/em>, 1125) (see\u00a0vedea \u2018<\/strong>to see\u2019).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

aiept\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0(vb., I) \u2013 1. to throw oneself forward; 2. to adjust, to smooth.<\/p>\n

Vulgar Latin *aiectare<\/em>\u00a0from Latin\u00a0eiectare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to throw\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 42; Candrea-Densusianu, 27; Cioranescu, 151). Diculescu (Elementele<\/em>, 463) is dubious about this hypothesis and, instead he thinks that it derives from Greek\u00a0\u03b9\u03ac\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to throw\u2019. Diculescu\u2019s hypothesis seems to be more plausible, but the correct Greek form is\u03af\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9<\/em>, which according to Boisaque (364), derives from PIE *(ii<\/strong>)-iaq\u016d<\/strong>–io.<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>Boisaque considers it of obscure origin, a loanword in ancient Greek, and according to him is cognate to Latin\u00a0jacio<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to throw\u2019. It seems that the Greek verb is of Thracian or Illyrian origin, where PIE *k\u02b7<\/strong>\u00a0turned into a\u00a0p<\/em>\u00a0in these languages. (seecuptor<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018oven\u2019,\u00a0noapte \u2018<\/strong>night\u2019). With the second meaning, it seems to be a different verb all together. It seems to be of Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

ai\u1eb9vea<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0aevea<\/em>,\u00a0naevea<\/em>) (adv.) \u2013 1. real, which looks real; 2. truly, indeed.<\/p>\n

OCS\u00a0javiti \u2018<\/em>to show, to present\u2019 (Cihac, 2, 153; Berneker, 34; Cioranescu, 152); cf. OCS\u00a0ave<\/em>\u00a0\u2018obvious\u2019 (Berneker, 2, 34) which seems to be a cognate to Romanian\u00a0<\/strong>aievea<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

I have to mention that the etymon invoked by Cihac is not attested (cf. Blagova, Dja\u010denko). Cihac associates it with a a\u00a0<\/strong>ivi<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018o appear, to show\u2019. On the other hand, Romanian\u00a0<\/strong>aievea<\/strong>\u00a0has a cognate in Lithuanian\u00a0ovijus<\/em>,\u00a0ovitis<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to appear in a dream\u2019 (see\u00a0ivi<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

ai\u1ee5rea<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0al\u2019urea<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0l\u2019urea<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0al\u2019ure<\/em>) (adv.) \u2013 1. elsewhere, somewhere, far away; 2. randomly,\u00a0 which does not make sense.<\/p>\n

Latin\u00a0aliubi<\/em>\u00a0\u2018other, another, someone else, something else\u2019 (Cre\u0163u, 305; Candrea-Densusianu, 29; Cioranescu, 155); cf. French\u00a0ailleurs<\/em>, Old Spanish\u00a0alubre<\/em>, Portuguese\u00a0alhur<\/em>.\u00a0 The meaning of Latin\u00a0aliubi<\/em>\u00a0is different and it makes difficult to be the etymon of Romanian\u00a0aiurea<\/strong>.\u00a0 Furthermore, it is not the right etymon for the Romance languages forms, but a Vulgar Latin *aliore<\/em>\u00a0(REW,<\/em>\u00a0347; Gamillscheg, 21), although Cioranescu (155) disagrees arguing that the etymon of Romanian\u00a0aiurea<\/strong>\u00a0is Latin *(<\/strong>vo<\/em>)let<\/em>, but his hypothesis does not make any sense.<\/p>\n

Similar forms with the same meaning are found in some Geramnic languages; cf. Gothic\u00a0aljar<\/em>\u00a0\u2018elesewhere, somewhere\u2019, Old English\u00a0ellor<\/em>, Old Norse\u00a0ellior<\/em>\u2018elsewhere\u2019.<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Schmidt (1962, 70; cf. Lehmann, 28) argues that the Germanic forms derive from a Proto-Germanic *alj\u014dr<\/em>, which is (almost) identical to the Vulgar Latinaliore<\/em>which is considered to be the etymon of the Romance forms. In other words, the so-called Vulgar Latin form is rather a Pre-Roman etymon.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Derivatives:\u00a0a aiura<\/em>,\u00a0aiurit<\/em>,\u00a0aiureal\u0103<\/em>.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    aj\u1ee5n<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0agiun<\/em>\u00a0\u201eto be hungry\u201d) (n., neut.) \u2013 1. the day before a certain event or before a certain period of time starts; 2. a day of fasting.<\/p>\n

    Vulgar Latin *aiunare<\/em>\u00a0<\/em><\u00a0ieiunum<\/em>\u00a0\u2018fast\u2019 (Meyer,\u00a0Alb. St<\/em>., 4, 88; Philippide, 2, 645). Cognates are found in Spanish\u00a0ayunar<\/em>, French\u00a0\u00e0 jeun<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0ajeun<\/em>), as well as Albanian\u00a0<\/em>agjenoj<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to fast\u2019. According to Corominas (1, 428), Spanish\u00a0ayuno<\/em>\u00a0derives from a Vulgar Latin *iaiunus<\/em>.<\/p>\n

    Walde-Hoffmann (1, 674) shows that Latin\u00a0ieiunum<\/em>\u00a0derives from PIE *edi<\/strong>–unos<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018deprived of food\u2019, or from *ieiu<\/strong>–s<\/strong>, *iaiu<\/strong>– \u2018hunger\u2019; cf. skt.\u00a0adjunah<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>\u201evorace, lacom\u201d. On the other hand, Glare (821) considers Latin\u00a0ieiunum<\/em>\u00a0of unknown origin.<\/p>\n

    Derivatives:\u00a0a ajuna<\/em>,\u00a0ajunare<\/em>.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    aj\u1ee5nge<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0agiung<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0jung<\/em>) (vb., III) \u2013 1. to arrive; 2. catch up, to reach (a destination).<\/p>\n

    Latin\u00a0adiungere<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to join, to glue\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 50; Candrea-Densusianu, 33; Cioranescu, 158). Panromanic.<\/p>\n

    Derivatives:\u00a0<\/em>ajungere<\/em>,\u00a0ajuns<\/em>.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    ajut\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0agiut<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0jut<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0(a)jut<\/em>) (vb. I) \u2013 to help.<\/p>\n

    Latin\u00a0adiutare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to help\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 51; Candrea-Densusianu, 33;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 171; Cioranescu, 160); cf. Italian\u00a0ajutare<\/em>, Provensal\u00a0ajudar<\/em>, Spanish\u00a0ayudar<\/em>.<\/p>\n

    Derivatives:\u00a0ajutor<\/em>,\u00a0ajut\u0103tor<\/em>,\u00a0ajutare<\/em>,\u00a0a ajutora<\/em>,\u00a0ajutorare<\/em>.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    al<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(art., masc.) \u2013 genitival article.<\/p>\n

    It is a compound form from the preposition\u00a0a<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>and the definite article\u00a0<\/em>l<\/strong>\u00a0<\u00a0(\u0103)l<\/em>.\u00a0<\/em>\u00a0It is used in genitive case. It is not the same with\u00a0\u0103l<\/strong>,\u00a0\u0103la<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018that\u2019 as all Romanian dictionaries and grammars maintain (see\u00a0\u0103l<\/strong>,\u00a0\u0103la<\/strong>,\u00a0acela<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

    Derivatives:\u00a0a<\/em>,\u00a0ai<\/em>,\u00a0ale<\/em>,\u00a0alor<\/em>.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    al\u1ea1c<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(n., masc.) \u2013 wheat variety which grows in mountainous regions.<\/p>\n

    Hungarian\u00a0alakor<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019\u00a0<\/em>(Cihac, 2, 475; Densusianu,\u00a0Rom<\/em>. 33, 273; G\u00e1ldi, 140). Cihac believes that Hungarian\u00a0alakor<\/em>\u00a0derives from Latin\u00a0<\/em>alica<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, but he gives no other details. Cioranescu (166) considers it of obscure origin. Corominas (1, 75) derives Spanish\u00a0alaga<\/em>\u00a0from Latin *alaca<\/em>; cf. Albanian\u00a0lak\u00ebr \u2018<\/em>greenstuff\u2019. Romanian\u00a0alac<\/strong>\u00a0is a cognate of Spanish\u00a0alaga<\/em>, but they do not derive from the same Vulgar Latin form.<\/p>\n

    According to Walde (1, 29), Latin\u00a0alica<\/em>\u00a0derives from Greek\u00a0\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03be<\/em>\u00a0(gen.\u00a0\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>), with the same meaning. One reason that these authors do not consider Romanianalac<\/strong>\u00a0to be of Latin origin is the fact that intervocalic\u00a0<\/em>l<\/em>\u00a0did not undergo\u00a0 rhotacism, but there are other exceptions to this rule (see\u00a0b\u0103lan<\/strong>). Since the form is present in Greek, it may have existed in Thraco-Dacian as well.\u00a0 Despite of what Romanian linguists were saying Edelspacher (8) shows that Hungarian\u00a0<\/em>alakor<\/em>\u00a0derives from Romanain\u00a0alac<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    al\u1ea1i<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0alae<\/em>) (n., neut.) \u2013 pump, show.<\/p>\n

    Turkish\u00a0alay<\/em>\u00a0(\u015e\u0103ineanu, 2, 4; Roesler, 561, Cioranescu, 16); cf. Neo-Greek\u00a0\u00a0\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03b9<\/em>, Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian\u00a0alay<\/em>.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    al\u1ea1m\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0malam\u0103<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>\u201egold\u201d) (n., fem.)\u00a0 \u2013 1. brass; 2. brass objects.<\/p>\n

    Neo-Greek\u00a0\u03bc\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03bc\u03b1<\/em>\u00a0\u2018gold\u2019 (Cioranescu, 171); cf. Albanian\u00a0malam\u00eb<\/em>\u00a0\u2018gold\u2019. The elision of initial\u00a0m<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>in Romanian is due the association of this form with\u00a0aram\u0103<\/strong>\u2018copper\u2019.<\/p>\n

    Derivatives:\u00a0a al\u0103mi<\/em>,\u00a0al\u0103mar<\/em>,\u00a0al\u0103m\u0103rie<\/em>.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    aland\u1ea1la<\/strong>\u00a0(adv.) \u2013 1. wrong, upside down; 2. in disorder, mell-pell.<\/p>\n

    Neo-Greek\u00a0\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb<\/em>\u2019\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4<\/em>\u2019\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd<\/em>\u00a0\u2018one in the place of the other\u2019 (Philippine,\u00a0Principii<\/em>, 146;\u00a0DAR<\/em>; G\u00e1ldi,\u00a0Les<\/em>\u00a0mots<\/em>, 142; Cioranescu, 173).<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    al\u1eb7turi<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variant\u00a0al\u0103turea<\/em>) (adv.) \u2013 beside, next to.<\/p>\n

    Latin *ad latera<\/em>\u00a0(REW<\/em>, 4934; Cioranescu, 175).<\/p>\n

    Latin *latera<\/em>\u00a0has no attestation, only\u00a0lateralis<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0latus \u2018<\/em>wide\u2019. There are no similar forms in other Romance languages. Therefore, we should consider it as a compound from\u00a0a<\/em>(d<\/em>) \u2018at\u2019\u00a0l\u0103turi<\/em>\u00a0(plural of\u00a0latur\u0103<\/strong>) (see\u00a0latur\u0103<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

    Derivatives:\u00a0a al\u0103tura<\/em>,\u00a0a \u00eenl\u0103tura<\/em>.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    alb<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0albu<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0alb<\/em>) (adj.) \u2013 white.<\/p>\n

    Latin\u00a0albus<\/em>\u00a0\u2018white\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 55; Candrea-Densusianu, 36;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 331; Cioranescu, 176). The root is attested also in some Dacian and Thracian place-names such as\u00a0Apulum<\/strong>\u00a0(see\u00a0Apulum<\/strong>) and personal names such as\u00a0Albos<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>(Proklou<\/em>) (Samsaris, in\u00a0Noi, Tracii<\/em>, 24, 1991). It it found in a number of other Indo-European languages: cf. Hittite\u00a0alpa<\/em>–as<\/em>\u00a0\u2018clouds\u2019,\u00a0ali<\/em>\u00a0\u2018white\u2019, Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03bb\u03c6\u03cc\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Umbrian\u00a0alfu \u2018<\/em>id\u2019, Welsh\u00a0elfydd<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, OHG\u00a0albiz<\/em>, Gallo-Roman\u00a0\u00a0Albion<\/em>\u00a0\u2018Brittania\u2019, Middle Irish\u00a0Albbu<\/em>\u00a0\u2018Brittania\u2019, Scottish Alba \u2018Scotland\u2019, Lithuanian\u00a0alvas<\/em>\u00a0\u2018white\u2019, all from\u00a0 PIE *albho<\/strong>– \u2018white\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 30). We may consider it of Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

    Derivatives:\u00a0\u00a0a albi<\/em>,\u00a0albea\u0163\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0albitur\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0albe\u0163e<\/em>,\u00a0albicios<\/em>,\u00a0albinos<\/em>,\u00a0albine\u0163<\/em>,\u00a0albi\u015for<\/em>,\u00a0a \u00een\u0103lbi<\/em>,\u00a0\u00een\u0103lbeal\u0103<\/em>\u00a0etc.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    alb\u1ea1stru<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0albastru<\/em>\u00a0\u2018grey\u2019) (adj.) \u2013 blue.<\/p>\n

    Latin *albaster<\/em>\u00a0<\/em><\u00a0albus \u2018<\/em>white\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 56; Candrea-Densusianu, 37;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 319; Cioranescu, 177). The hypothesis cannot be accepted since there is no attestation of the putative Latin etymon and there no cognates in other Romance languages. Romanina\u00a0albastru<\/strong>\u00a0is a derivative of\u00a0alb<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>which probably meant initially \u2018grey\u2019 as in today\u2019s Aromanian (see\u00a0alb<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

    Derivatives:\u00a0a alb\u0103stri<\/em>,\u00a0alb\u0103strea<\/em>,\u00a0alb\u0103streal\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0alb\u0103striu<\/em>,\u00a0a \u00een\u0103lb\u0103stri<\/em>\u00a0etc.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    \u1ea1lbie<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 (n., fem.)\u00a0 – 1. river bed, channel ; 2. (washing) trough, tub.<\/p>\n

    Latin *alvea<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>(Pu\u015fcariu, 58; Candrea-Densusianu, 43;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 320; Cioranescu, 178). Latin\u00a0alveus<\/em>\u00a0\u2018washing tub\u2019 > Spanish\u00a0alveo<\/em>\u00a0which is a masculine noun as in Latin, while Romanian\u00a0<\/strong>albie<\/strong>\u00a0is of feminine gender. There are no feminine cognates in other Romance languages. However, there are cognates in Scandinavian and Baltic languages; cf. Old Norse\u00a0alda<\/em>\u00a0\u2018wave\u2019, Norwegian (dial.)\u00a0olda<\/em>\u00a0\u2018trough\u2019, Old English\u00a0aldot<\/em>,\u00a0aldaht<\/em>\u00a0\u2018trough, tub, vat\u2019, Lithuanain\u00a0aldjia<\/em>\u00a0\u2018river bed\u2019, which are of feminine gender as Romanian\u00a0albie<\/strong>. All derive from\u00a0 from PIE *aldh<\/strong>– \u2018trough, tub\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 31). Romanian\u00a0albie<\/strong>\u00a0is closer, as meaning and form, to Lithuanianaldjia<\/em>; cf. Latin\u00a0alveus<\/em>\u00a0\u2018hollow, basket, bed\u2019.<\/p>\n

    In Thraco-Dacian, the (aspirated or non-aspirated) PIE voiced dental *d<\/strong>(h<\/strong>), preceded by a lateral (l<\/em>,\u00a0r<\/em>) turned into\u00a0b<\/em>\u00a0as in\u00a0vorb\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018word\u2019 (cf. Latin\u00a0verbum<\/em>) (seevorb\u0103<\/strong>). Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

    Derivatives:\u00a0albiu\u0163\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0albioar\u0103<\/em>.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    alb\u1ecbn\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0alg\u2019in\u0103<\/em>) (n., fem.) \u2013 bee (Ophris cornuta<\/em>).<\/p>\n

    Latin *alvina<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0alveus<\/em>\u00a0\u2018hollow, basket, bed\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 59; Candrea-Densusianu, 48;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 389; Cioranescu, 179). The hypothesis cannot be accepted. First of all, the meaning of Romanian\u00a0albin\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0has nothing to do with Latin\u00a0alveus<\/em>\u00a0or *alvina<\/em>. On the other hand, Latin *alvina<\/em>\u00a0has no attestation and there are no other Romance forms to derive from this Vulgar Latin etymon.\u00a0 According to these authors, Romanian\u00a0albie<\/strong>\u00a0derives from the same Latin\u00a0alveus<\/em>\u00a0(see\u00a0albie<\/strong>) which does not make any sense. Latin\u00a0apis<\/em>\u00a0\u2018bee\u2019 is cognate of Romanian\u00a0<\/strong>albin\u0103<\/strong>, but this Romanian noun cannot derive from Latin\u00a0<\/em>apis<\/em>. They both, along with many other Indo-European languages forms, derive from PIE *bhei<\/strong>– \u2018bee\u201d, with the formants\u00a0\u00a0n<\/strong>,\u00a0k<\/strong>,\u00a0t<\/strong>\u00a0<\/em>(IEW<\/em>, 116). The root is preserved in many Indo-European languages; cf. OHG\u00a0bini<\/em>\u00a0\u201ebee\u201d, Albanian\u00a0blet\u00eb<\/em>\u00a0\u201eid\u201d, Lithuanian\u00a0bit\u00e9<\/em>\u00a0\u201eid\u201d, Old Prussian\u00a0bit\u00e9<\/em>\u00a0\u201eid\u2019, Old Irish\u00a0bech<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, OCS\u00a0bi\u010dela<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019.<\/p>\n

    On the other hand, Walde (1, 57) associates Latin\u00a0apis<\/em>\u00a0with Gallo-Roman\u00a0amella<\/em>\u00a0< *ampella<\/em>, Greek\u00a0\u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c2 \u2018<\/em>mosquito\u2019, Farsi\u00a0ang<\/em>\u00a0\u2018bee\u2019 and Basque\u00a0abia<\/em>\u2018mosquito, a biting insect\u2019. Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

    Derivatives:\u00a0albinar<\/em>,\u00a0albin\u0103rel \u2018<\/em>a bird\u2019,\u00a0albin\u0103rie<\/em>,\u00a0albin\u0103rit<\/em>.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    alc\u0103tu\u1ecb<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(vb., IV) \u2013 to put together.<\/p>\n

    Hungarian\u00a0alkot<\/em>–ni<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to create, to procreate\u2019 (Cihac, 2, 475; Cioranescu, 183). The putative Hungarian etymon has a different meaning and therefore, it cannot be accepted.<\/p>\n

    On the other hand, Romanian\u00a0alc\u0103tui<\/strong>\u00a0seems to have a cognate in Sanskrit\u00a0\u0161lok<\/em>,\u00a0\u0161lokate<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to compose, to be composed\u2019. From the Romanian and Sanskrit forms one may reconstruct a PIE *olk<\/strong>–at<\/strong>– \u2018to put together, to gather\u2019. It seems to be of Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

    Derivatives:\u00a0alc\u0103tuire<\/em>,\u00a0alc\u0103tuial\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0alc\u0103tuitor<\/em>.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    \u1ea1lde<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(art.)\u00a0\u2013<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>a indefinite article meaning \u2018of the kind of, people such as\u2019.<\/p>\n

    It is a compound form from the demonstrative pronoun\u00a0\u0103l<\/strong>\u00a0and the preposition\u00a0de<\/strong>\u00a0(cf. Cioranescu, 163) (see\u00a0\u0103l<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0de<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    ale\u1ea1n<\/strong>\u00a0(adj., neut.) \u2013 1. longing, yearning; 2. nostalgia, melancholy; 3. suffering, sorrow, grief.<\/p>\n

    OCS\u00a0alin\u016d<\/em>\u00a0\u2018treacherous, perfidious\u2019 (Cihac, II, 2) or Hungarian\u00a0ell\u00e9n<\/em>\u00a0\u2018against\u2019 (Cioranescu, 1869).<\/p>\n

    None of these two hypotheses can be accepted. OCS\u00a0alin\u016d<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>is an adjecitve and it has a different meaning, while Hungarian\u00a0ell\u00e9n<\/em>\u00a0is a preposition while Romanianalean<\/strong>\u00a0is a noun, but Cioranescu disregards this detail.<\/p>\n

    I think that Romanian\u00a0alean<\/strong>\u00a0may be associated with PIE *leno<\/strong>– \u2018weak, soft\u2019; cf. Greek\u00a0\u00a0<\/em>\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to avoid, to shun\u2019, Gothic\u00a0af<\/em>–linnan<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to empty, to leave\u2019, Gothicbi-linnan<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to yield, to finish\u2019, Old Irish\u00a0linna<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to slow down\u2019, Middle Irish\u00a0lian<\/em>\u00a0\u2018soft\u2019.There are other related forms in Romanan (cf.\u00a0alina<\/strong>,\u00a0alinta<\/strong>,\u00a0<\/strong>lin<\/strong>). All derive from the same Proto-Indo-European root.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    al\u1eb9ge<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0<\/em>aleg<\/em>,\u00a0aleadzire<\/em>\u00a0(alep\u015fu<\/em>,\u00a0aleapt\u0103<\/em>)) (vb., III) – 1. to choose; 2. to select, to separate.<\/p>\n

    Latin *allegere<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>(Pu\u015fcariu, 60;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 364). This Vulgar Latin etymon has no attestation and there are no cognates in other Romance languages deriving from this putative etymon. Obviously, Romanian\u00a0alege<\/strong>\u00a0is related to Latin\u00a0eligere<\/em>\u00a0 \u2018choose, to select\u2019, but their relationship is not clear.<\/p>\n

    Romanian\u00a0\u00a0alege<\/strong>\u00a0and Latin\u00a0eligere<\/em>\u00a0derive from\u00a0 PIE *leg<\/strong>-,\u00a0leg<\/strong>\u2019- \u2018to gather\u2019; cf. Latin\u00a0lego<\/em>, –ere<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to gather, to select\u2019, Greek\u00a0\u00a0\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c9<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to gather, to count, to read\u2019, Albanian\u00a0mb<\/em>–leth<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to gather\u2019 (see\u00a0culege \u2018<\/strong>to gather\u2019).<\/p>\n

    Derivatives:\u00a0alegere<\/em>,\u00a0aleg\u0103tor<\/em>.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    al\u1eb9i<\/strong>\u00a0(variant\u00a0alelei<\/em>, Aromanian\u00a0alai<\/em>) (interj.) \u2013 an exclamation (before an invocation) expressing anger, enthusiasm or regret.<\/p>\n

    Suidas says that\u00a0eleleu<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>was \u2018a war cry\u2019 (cf. Cioranescu, 189); cf. Bulgarian\u00a0olele<\/em>.<\/p>\n

    PIE *al\u0101 \u2018<\/strong>interjection used to attract someone\u2019s attention\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 29); cf. Sanskrit\u00a0alala<\/em>, Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac<\/em>,\u00a0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03af<\/em>\u00a0\u2018hoorah\u2019, Greek\u00a0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b0<\/em>\u00a0\u2018war cry, interjection expressing pain\u2019, Old English\u00a0hallo<\/em>,\u00a0halloo<\/em>\u00a0\u2018hello\u2019, Lithuanian\u00a0aluoti<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to cry hallo\u2019. Thrace-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    alerg\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0alag<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0lag<\/em>) (vb., I) \u2013 1. run, to rush; 2. to be busy.<\/p>\n

    Latin *allargare<\/em>\u00a0from\u00a0largus<\/em>\u00a0(Philippide, II, 539; Pu\u015fcariu, 61; Candrea-Densusianu, 952;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 352). Instead, Cioranescu (192) considers it of uncertain origin.\u00a0 The Latin etymon has no attestation and\u00a0largus<\/em>\u00a0\u2018wide\u2019 has a totally different meaning. There no cognates in the other Romanace languages.<\/p>\n

    On the other hand, Albanian\u00a0ljargon<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to leave, to separate\u2019 and\u00a0largo<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to move\u2019 seem to be cognates of Romanian\u00a0alerga<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

    The forms in both Romanian and Albanian seem to derive from PIE *leg<\/strong>– \u2018to run (about water),\u00a0 to leak, to melt\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 659); cf. Old Irish\u00a0legaim<\/em>\u00a0(I, sg.) \u2018to leak, to melt\u2019, Old Icelandic\u00a0lekr<\/em>\u00a0\u2018leak\u2019, MHG\u00a0lecken<\/em>\u00a0\u2018spring, river\u2019, Armenaina\u00a0li\u010d\u00a0 \u2018<\/em>swamp\u2019, Lithuanian\u00a0lekti \u2018<\/em>to\u00a0 run, to run away\u2019.<\/p>\n

    One may see that in the Romanian Balkan dialects\u00a0 the verb does not have\u00a0 the lateral\u00a0r<\/em>, as in most other Indo-European languages. Therefore, the original form was *alagare<\/em>, *alegare<\/em>,\u00a0 not *allargare<\/em>. Thraco-Illyrian origin.<\/p>\n

    Derivatives:\u00a0alergare<\/em>,\u00a0alerg\u0103tor<\/em>,\u00a0alerg\u0103tur\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0alergat<\/em>.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    alic\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0(variant\u00a0alic<\/em>, Aromanian\u00a0h\u0103liche<\/em>) (n., fem.)\u00a0 \u2013 pellet.<\/p>\n

    Neo-Greek\u00a0\u00a0\u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03ba\u03b9<\/em>\u00a0\u2018pebble\u2019 (DAR<\/em>; Cioranescu, 198); cf. Albanian\u00a0hali\u010d<\/em>.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    alif\u1ecbe<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0alfie<\/em>) (n., fem.) \u2013 ointment, salve, unguent.<\/p>\n

    Neo-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c6\u03ae<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 (Roesler, 564; Cioranescu, 200).<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    alin\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(vb., I) \u2013\u00a0<\/strong>1.\u00a0<\/strong>to temper, to mitigate, to allievate; 2. to appease, to soothe.<\/p>\n

    Latin *allenare<\/em>\u00a0<\/strong>(Pu\u015fcariu, 62; Candrea-Densusianu, 989; Rosetti, 1, 79).<\/p>\n

    The Latin etymon has no attestation, while Sardinian\u00a0allenare \u2018<\/em>to teach, to instrucrt, to train\u2019 is not a cognate since it has a totally different meaning. It is related tolin<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<\/strong>alinta<\/strong>, all from PIE *leno<\/strong>– \u2018weak, soft\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 667) (see\u00a0alinta<\/strong>,\u00a0lin<\/strong>). Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

    Derivatives:\u00a0alinare<\/em>,\u00a0alinat<\/em>,\u00a0alin\u0103tor<\/em>,\u00a0alin\u0103tur\u0103<\/em>.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    alint\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(vb., I)\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 1. to caress, to fondle; 2. to spoil; 3. to frolic.<\/p>\n

    Latin *allentare<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0lenis<\/em>\u00a0\u2018soft, smooth, gentle, calm\u2019 (Candrea-Densusianu, 990) or from Latin\u00a0lentus \u2018<\/em>slow, flexible\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 64;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 257). Italian\u00a0allentare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to loosen, to relax\u2019 and Romanian\u00a0alinta<\/strong>\u00a0do not seem to derive from a common Vulgar Latin etymon. This verb is related to a\u00a0alina<\/strong>\u00a0from the same PIE root *leno<\/strong>– \u2018weak, soft\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 667) (see\u00a0alina<\/strong>,\u00a0lin<\/strong>,\u00a0lene<\/strong>,\u00a0lini\u015fte<\/strong>). Thabo-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

    Derivatives:\u00a0alint<\/em>,\u00a0alintare<\/em>,\u00a0alint\u0103tur\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0alint\u0103tor<\/em>.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    ali\u015fver\u1ecb\u015f<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0ali\u015fveri\u015fe<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0ali\u015fv\u0103ro\u015f<\/em>) (obs.) (n., neut.) \u2013 commerce, trade, business.<\/p>\n

    Turkish\u00a0ali\u015fveri\u015f<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0al\u0131s<\/em>\u00a0\u2018gift\u2019 and\u00a0ver\u0131s<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to take\u2019 (Roesler, 587; \u015e\u0103ineanu, 2, 17; Cioranescu, 209); cf. Neo-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9<\/em>, Albanian\u00a0alishverish<\/em>, Bulgarianali\u0161veri\u0161<\/em>.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    alt<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0altu<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0ot<\/em>) (pron.) \u2013 other.<\/p>\n

    Latin *altru<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0alter<\/em>\u00a0\u2018other\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 67; Candrea-Densusianu., 48;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 382). Panromanic; cf. Sardianian\u00a0altu<\/em>\u00a0\u2018other\u2019. The root is found in other Indo-European languages; cf. Oscan\u00a0allo<\/em>,\u00a0altram<\/em>, Greek\u00a0\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0\u2018other\u2019, Welsh\u00a0aile<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Breton all \u2018id\u2019, Lithuanian\u00a0autra<\/em>\u00a0(adv.) \u2018secondly\u2019, Armenian\u00a0ail<\/em>\u00a0\u2018other\u2019. All these forms derive PIE *alio<\/strong>–s<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018other\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 25; Walde, 1, 30).<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    alt\u1ea1r<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0altar<\/em>,\u00a0altare<\/em>) (n., neut.) \u2013 altar.<\/p>\n

    Latin *altarium<\/em>\u00a0 \u2018altar\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 68; Candrea-Densusianu, 49;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 381); Panromanic; cf.\u00a0A<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 a<\/strong>\u00b9 (variant\u00a0ah<\/em>) (interj.) – exclamation of pain, of wonder, etc.<\/p>\n

    According to Cioranescu (2), it is of imitative origin.<\/p>\n

    Although it may be considered of imitative origin, it appears in many other Indo-European languages; cf. Sanskrit\u00a0\u0101<\/em>\u00a0\u2018exclamation of wonder\u2019, Greek\u00a0\u03ac<\/em>\u2018exclamation of indignation, pain\u2019, Latin\u00a0\u0101<\/em>,\u00a0\u0101h<\/em>\u00a0\u2018exclamation of pain, indignation, displeasure\u2019, Gothic\u00a0\u014d<\/em>\u00a0\u2018exclamation of pain\u201d, Lithuanian\u00a0\u00e1<\/em>\u00a0\u2018exclamation of pain\u2019, all from Proto-Indo-European [hence PIE] *\u0101<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018exclamation of wonder\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 1).<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    a<\/strong>\u00b2 (Aromanian\u00a0<\/em>a \u2018<\/em>to, at\u2019<\/em>) (prep.) \u2013 to, at, next to.<\/p>\n

    Today it has a restricted use being replaced by\u00a0<\/strong>la<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 (see\u00a0<\/strong>la<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

    Latin\u00a0ad<\/em>\u00a0(Pu\u015fcariu, 1; Candrea-Densusianu, 1;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 136; Cioranescu, 1).<\/p>\n

    In Old Romanian, it was used in all situations where today it is used\u00a0la<\/strong>: \u201c\u015fezu a dereapta lui Dumnezeu<\/em>\u201d (He sat on the right side of God) (Coresi; cf. Cioranescu), frequently found at the chroniclers, such as Dosoftei and other authors of 16th-17th centuries. Although today it is not used as much as several centuries ago, it is found in syntactical structures such as \u201cmiroase a flori\u2019 (it smells like flowers) or\u00a0a-cas\u0103<\/em>\u00a0((at) home).<\/p>\n

    The forms of the so-called genitival article are compound forms of preposition\u00a0a<\/strong>\u00a0and the definite article ( –a<\/em>, –l<\/em>, –i<\/em>, –le<\/em>). This can be seen in noun phrases with a numeral such as \u201cmam\u0103\u00a0a<\/em>\u00a0trei copii (mother of three)\u201d, etc. since numerals do not take definite articles. A similar situation is found in Aromanian, where the so-called genitival article of Daco-Romanian is not expressed, but the genitive contructions are marked by the preposition\u00a0a<\/strong>\u00a0only, which is considered (definite) article by T. Papahagi (49), but he was wrong about it. The same phenomenon is found in some Romance and other languages .<\/p>\n

    It derives from with PIE *ad<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018at, next to\u2019 (IEW, 3); cf. Oscan\u00a0az \u2018<\/em>at\u2019 Gaulish\u00a0ad<\/em>\u00a0 \u2018at\u2019, Welsh\u00a0add<\/em>\u00a0\u2018d\u2019, Gothic\u00a0<\/em>at<\/em>\u00a0\u2018at, next to\u2019, OHG\u00a0az<\/em>\u00a0\u2018at, next to\u2019.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    ab\u1ea1c<\/strong>\u00a0(n., neut.) \u2013 abacus, counting frame.<\/p>\n

    From Italian\u00a0abbaco<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 > Neo-Greek\u00a0\u03ac\u03bc\u03c0\u03ac\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0(G\u00e1ldi,\u00a0Les mots<\/em>, 143) or from French\u00a0abaque<\/em>\u00a0(Cioranescu, 5).<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    aban\u1ecds<\/strong>\u00a0(n., masc.) \u2013 ebony, ebony tree.<\/p>\n

    Turkish\u00a0abanos<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 > Neo-Greek\u00a0\u00a0\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0(Roesler, 587; \u015e\u0103ineanu, 2, 5;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 2816; Cioranescu, 7); cf. Albanian\u00a0abanos \u2018<\/em>id\u2019, Bulgarian\u00a0abanos<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>\u2018id\u2019. It is of Semitic origin which was borrowed into Medio-Greek and Medieval Latin (hebenus<\/em>) and from Latin into (most) European languages.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    ab\u1ea1te<\/strong>\u00a0(vb., III) (Aromanian\u00a0abat<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019) \u2013 1. to turn off, aside, away; 2. to push or drive away; 3. to desuade (from).<\/p>\n

    Medieval Latin\u00a0abbattere<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>(Pu\u015fcariu, 2;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 1; Cioranescu, 8).<\/p>\n

    It is a derivative of Romanian language from a\u00a0bate<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018to beat\u2019, prefixed with\u00a0a<\/strong>, an usual method of\u00a0 verb derivation in Romanian (as one may see throughout this dictionary). In fact, the verb a\u00a0<\/strong>bate<\/strong>\u00a0has various meanings. Latin\u00a0abbatere<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to descend, to supress\u2019\u00a0 is not attested before 6th century AD. Its first attestation is found in the\u00a0Salic Law<\/em>\u00a0(507-511) (cf. Niermeyer, 1,1), a legal code based on old Germanic traditions, formulated by Salic Franks (see\u00a0bate<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    abi\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0avia<\/em>) (adv.) \u2013 1. hardly; 2. scarcely, very little, next to nothing; 3. only, just, merely.<\/p>\n

    Latin *ad<\/em>–vix<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0vix<\/em>\u00a0\u2018just, hardly\u2019 (Philippide,\u00a0Principii<\/em>, 91; Pu\u015fcariu, 3; Candrea-Densusianu, 224; Cioranescu, 12) or from OCS\u00a0abije \u2018<\/em>immediately\u2019 (Cihac) which is semantically different from Romanian\u00a0abia<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

    Romanian\u00a0abia<\/strong>\u00a0is a cognate of Latin\u00a0vix<\/em>, but it cannot derive from it, nor from unattested *ad-vix<\/em>\u00a0which would yield in Romanian *avis<\/em>, or *abis<\/em>, but not\u00a0abia<\/strong>. On the other hand, it has no cognates in other Romance languages.<\/p>\n

    In order to explain the origin of Latin\u00a0<\/em>vix<\/em>,\u00a0<\/em>Walde (2, 810) argues that it derives from a PIE *\u016diq\u016d<\/strong>–s<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018heavy, overwhelming\u2019 which, he believes, is cognate with Greek\u00a0<\/em>\u03b9\u03c0\u03cc\u03c9<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to lie heavily on, to squeeze\u2019. If he is right, then Romanian\u00a0abia<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>may derive form the same (or similar) root as Latin\u00a0vix<\/em>. In this case the labio-velark\u016d<\/strong>\u00a0turned into voiceless labial\u00a0p<\/em>, a frequent phonological transformation in Thraco-Dacian (see Argument to DELR). Afterwards, it turned into the voiced bi-labialb<\/em>.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    abit\u1ecbr<\/strong>\u00a0(adv.) (obs.) \u2013 much better, stronger.<\/p>\n

    Turkish\u00a0better<\/em>\u00a0\u2018worse\u2019 (Cioranescu, 14) or Turkish\u00a0<\/em>abeter<\/em>, the comparative form of\u00a0abe<\/em>\u00a0\u2018clear\u2019 (\u015e\u0103ineanu, 2, 6;\u00a0DAR<\/em>). Cioranescu rejects this hypothesis, although it is much more plausible than his. It is used, in general, with the comparative adverb\u00a0mai \u2018<\/strong>more\u2019.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    abr\u1ea1\u015f<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aroumanian\u00a0abra\u015fcu<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>\u201einsolent, impertinent\u201d) (adj.) \u2013 1. vicious, restive (about horses); 2. wicked, violent (about people).<\/p>\n

    Turkish\u00a0abra\u015f<\/em>\u00a0(\u015e\u0103ineanu, 2, 7; Cioranescu, 21). \u015e\u0103ineanu believes that Turkish borrowed it from Arabic. I have to mention that the word is found in Albanianabrash<\/em>\u00a0and Bulgarian\u00a0abra\u0161<\/em>\u00a0as well.<\/p>\n

    In fact, this adjective cannot be of Turkish or Arabic origin since there are several cognates in various Indo-European languages. It derives from PIE *abhro<\/strong>– \u2018strong, violent\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 2); cf. Welsh\u00a0afr<\/em>\u00a0\u2018very\u2019, Illyrian tribe name\u00a0Abroi<\/em>, Thracian\u00a0Abro<\/em>– (in personal names), Gothic\u00a0abrs<\/em>\u00a0\u2018strong, violent\u2019, English\u00a0brash<\/em>. Therefore, it seems that Turkish borrowed it from Romanian or other Balkan language. Thraco-Illyrian origin.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Abr\u1ee5d<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 town in Transylvania.<\/p>\n

    This place-name is attested since ancient times as\u00a0Abruttum<\/em>, the ancient name of this city (cf. Giurescu, 1, 125). Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    abu\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0(vb., I)\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013\u00a0 to fall asleep, to sleep.<\/p>\n

    A regionalism (Transylvania) avoided by the authors of etymological dictionaries.<\/p>\n

    It derives form PIE *au<\/strong>-,\u00a0au<\/strong>–es<\/strong>-,\u00a0au<\/strong>–s<\/strong>– \u2018to stay overnight, to sleep\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 72); cf. Armenian\u00a0aganim<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to stay overnight, to spend the night\u2019, Greek\u00a0\u03b9\u03b1\u03cd\u03c9<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to sleep\u2019. In Thraco-Dacian PIE *u<\/strong>\u00a0turned into\u00a0v<\/em>\u00a0or\u00a0b<\/em>\u00a0at initial or in intervocalic position (see\u00a0vatr\u0103<\/strong>).\u00a0 Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    aburc\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0(vb., I) \u2013 to climb, to go up.<\/p>\n

    From Latin *arboricare<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0arbor<\/em>\u00a0(Pu\u015fcariu,\u00a0ZRPh<\/em>., 31, 616;\u00a0DAR<\/em>;\u00a0REW<\/em>,\u00a0606<\/em>). Cioranescu (29) rejects\u00a0 Pu\u015fcariu\u2019s hypothesis and proposes *aboricare<\/em>\u00a0< *boricare<\/em>\u00a0< *oricare<\/em>, from Latin\u00a0orior<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to climb\u2019.\u00a0 Romanian\u00a0aburca<\/strong>\u00a0is cognate to Latin\u00a0orior<\/em>, but in fact, it is a derivative of a\u00a0<\/strong>urca<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018to go up, to mount, to ascend (prefixed with\u00a0ab<\/em>-) from PIE *er<\/strong>-, *or<\/strong>– \u2018to set in motion, to go up, to rise\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 326); cf. Hittite\u00a0\u0161ark<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to climb, to go up\u2019, Sanskrit\u00a0abhy<\/em>–uccar<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to go up, to climb\u2019, Avestan\u00a0ar<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to set in motion\u2019, Greek\u00a0\u03cc\u03c1\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to move, to rise\u2019 (see\u00a0<\/strong>urca<\/strong>). Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    \u1ea1bur<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0abur<\/em>) (n., masc.) \u2013 steam, vapor.<\/p>\n

    It was considered to be of Thraco-Dacian origin since Miklosich (Slaw. Elem<\/em>., 9), although some other linguists after him believed to be a loan-word from Albanian\u00a0abull<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 (Cihac, 2, 714; Philippide, 2, 605, Meyer,\u00a0EWA<\/em>, 28). Instead Cioranescu (28) wants for it a Latin origin, namely form Latin\u00a0albulus<\/em>\u00a0\u2018white spot\u2019. These two hypotheses were rejected by other linguists.<\/p>\n

    Later on, in the second half of the 20th century, Br\u00e2ncu\u015f (VALR<\/em>, 28) shows that it is of Thraco-Dacian origin. I have to mention that today, most linguists consider it of Thraco-Dacian origin. Indeed, it derives from PIE *bholo<\/strong>– \u2018stem, fog\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 162) through an older *ad<\/em>–bolo<\/em>\u00a0> Romanian\u00a0abur<\/strong>; cf.\u00a0<\/strong>Albanian\u00a0avull<\/em>\u00a0\u201eid\u201d (Gheg dialect),\u00a0abull<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 (Tosk dialect). The root is found in other Indo-European languages; cf. Sanskrit\u00a0busa<\/em>\u00a0\u2018steam, fog\u2019, Old Irish\u00a0boladh<\/em>\u00a0\u2018smell\u2019, Lithuanianbula<\/em>\u00a0\u2018fog, steam\u2019, Latvian\u00a0buls \u2018id\u2019<\/em>. Thraco-Illyrian origin (see\u00a0boare<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018breeze\u2019,\u00a0<\/strong>bur\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018drizzle, fog\u2019).<\/p>\n

    Derivatives:\u00a0a<\/em>\u00a0aburi<\/em>,\u00a0abureal\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0aburire<\/em>,\u00a0aburos<\/em>.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    ac<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0ac<\/em>) (n., neut.) \u2013 needle, sting.<\/p>\n

    Latin\u00a0acus<\/em>\u00a0\u2018wheat husk, needle\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 6; Candrea-Densusianu, 3;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 130, Cioranescu, 30).<\/p>\n

    The root is found in words of many\u00a0 Indo-European languages\u00a0 from PIE *ak<\/strong>\u2019-,\u00a0ok<\/strong>\u2019- \u2018sharp\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 18); cf. Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2<\/em>, OHG\u00a0ahir<\/em>, Gothic\u00a0ahana<\/em>,\u00a0akeit<\/em>\u2018vinegar\u2019, Old Icelandic\u00a0<\/em>ogni<\/em>, Lithuanian\u00a0akutas<\/em>, OCS\u00a0ociti<\/em>, Old Irish\u00a0acat<\/em>\u00a0\u2018vinegar\u2019,as well as Greek\u00a0\u03ac\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0\u2018mountian tip\u2019, Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae<\/em>,\u00a0\u03b1\u03ba\u03bc\u03aev<\/em>\u00a0\u2018top\u2019, Old Latinocris<\/em>\u00a0\u2018hill\u2019, Umbrian\u00a0ukar<\/em>,\u00a0ucar<\/em>\u00a0\u2018hill\u2019.\u00a0 The root is found in other Romanian words as well (see\u00a0acru<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018sour\u2019,\u00a0o\u0163et<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018vinegar\u2019).<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    acade\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0(n., fem.) (obs.) \u2013 a candy made of melted sugar.<\/p>\n

    Turkish\u00a0\u00a0ak\u0131de<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 < Arabic\u00a0ak\u012bda<\/em>\u00a0(\u015e\u0103ineanu, 2, 7; Cioranescu, 31).<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    ac\u1ea1s\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0acas\u0103<\/em>) (adv.) \u2013 home, at home.<\/p>\n

    It is a derivative of\u00a0\u00a0cas\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018house\u2019 prefixed with preposition\u00a0a<\/strong>\u00b2 (see\u00a0a<\/strong>\u00b2 and\u00a0cas\u0103<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    acat\u1ecbst<\/strong>\u00a0(n., neut.) \u2013 1. hymn and mass honoring Virgin Mary and saints. 2. a list of names of people given to the priest to pray for them.<\/p>\n

    Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 <\u00a0\u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03af\u03b6\u03c9<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to lie down\u2019 with a privative\u00a0\u03b1<\/em>, because such hymns are sung standing (cf. Cioranescu, 36).<\/p>\n

    Derivatives:\u00a0acatistier<\/em>\u00a0\u2018a book of such hymns\u2019.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    ac\u0103t\u1eb7rii<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variants\u00a0ac\u0103tarea<\/em>,\u00a0ac\u0103t\u0103rea<\/em>,\u00a0ac\u0103tare<\/em>) (adj.) \u2013 1. good, beautiful, nice; 2. appropriate.<\/p>\n

    There are several hypotheses regarding the origin of this word: from Latin *ad<\/em>–que<\/em>–tale<\/em>\u00a0(Cipariu,\u00a0Gram.,<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>2, 60) or\u00a0de c\u0103tare<\/em>\u00a0(Philippide,\u00a0Principii<\/em>, 8) or\u00a0de atare<\/em>(Pu\u015fcariu, 8) and finally from Latin *eccum talis<\/em>\u00a0(Cioranescu, 35). None of these solutions can be accepted for various reasons. The Latin \u2018etymons\u2019 are not plausible compounds, without any correspondent forms in other Romance languages, while\u00a0\u00a0de c\u0103tare<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0de atare<\/em>\u00a0do not explain the presence of initial\u00a0a<\/em>\u00a0and the elision of preposition\u00a0de<\/strong>. It should be associated with the verb a\u00a0<\/strong>c\u0103uta<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018to look for, to search\u2019 from PIE *keu<\/strong>-,\u00a0skeu<\/strong>– \u201eto look at, to observe\u201d (IEW, 587) (seec\u0103uta<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    ac\u0103\u0163\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variant\u00a0a ag\u0103\u0163a<\/em>, Aromanian\u00a0aca\u0163u<\/em>) (vb., I) \u2013 1. to hang (up), to hook up.<\/p>\n

    Latin *accaptiare<\/em>\u00a0<\/strong><<\/strong>\u00a0captiare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to catch, to try to catch\u2019 (Philippide,\u00a0Principii<\/em>, 43; Pu\u015fcariu,\u00a0Lat. ti<\/em>, 12; Candrea-Densusianu,\u00a0REW<\/em>, 1663). Even if we admit the existence of a Latin *accaptiare<\/em>, one cannot explain why\u00a0pt<\/em>\u00a0turned into\u00a0t<\/em>\u00a0or\u00a0\u0163<\/em>\u00a0(ts). The root is found in other Balkan languages; cf. Bulgarian\u00a0kacja<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0\u00a0kace<\/em>(kacja<\/em>) \u2018bramble\u2019 or\u00a0 Hittite\u00a0aggati<\/em>\u00a0\u2018a catching net\u2019.\u00a0 Other Romanian words such as\u00a0ca\u0163\u0103 \u2018<\/strong>a catching tool\u2019,\u00a0c\u0103\u0163\u0103ra<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018to climb, to clamber\u2019 derive form the same root. Thus we may reconstruct\u00a0 IE *kati<\/strong>– \u2018to hang up, to catch\u2019\u00a0 (see\u00a0<\/strong>ca\u0163\u0103<\/strong>,\u00a0<\/strong>c\u0103\u0163\u0103ra<\/strong>). Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    ac\u1eb9l<\/strong>,\u00a0ac\u1eb9la<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0a\u0163el<\/em>) (dem. pron.) \u2013 that.<\/p>\n

    Lat. *ecce illi<\/em>, *ecce illa<\/em>\u00a0(Diez, I, 337; Pu\u015fcariu, 9; Candrea-Densusianu, 532;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 4266). This hypothesis cannot be accepted. Romanian\u00a0acel<\/strong>(a<\/strong>) is a derivative of\u00a0\u0103l<\/strong>(a<\/strong>) prefixed with\u00a0ac<\/em>– found in other compound form (see\u00a0acest<\/strong>(a<\/strong>) \u2018this\u2019,\u00a0acum<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018now\u2019,\u00a0aici<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018here\u2019,\u00a0<\/strong>a\u015fa<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018thus\u2019).<\/p>\n

    Romanian\u00a0\u0103l<\/strong>\u00a0seems to derive from PIE *al<\/strong>-,\u00a0<\/strong>ol<\/strong>– (cf.\u00a0IEW<\/em>, 24), not form Latin\u00a0ille<\/em>,\u00a0illum<\/em>. The root reconstructed by Walde-Pokorny does not explain –ll<\/em>– of Latinille<\/em>, neither OCS\u00a0on\u016d<\/em>, Lithuanian\u00a0ans<\/em>, Armenian\u00a0na<\/em>,\u00a0ayn<\/em>, OHG\u00a0ener<\/em>. Therefore, PIE root *ol<\/strong>–ne<\/strong>, reconstructed by\u00a0 Ernout-Meillet explains much better all the forms mentioned above and the definite article in Celtic languages; cf. Irish\u00a0an<\/em>, Breton\u00a0<\/em>an<\/em>,\u00a0<\/em>ar<\/em>,\u00a0al<\/em>, Welsh\u00a0y<\/em>,\u00a0yr<\/em>. On the other hand, Romanian\u00a0<\/strong>\u0103l<\/strong>\u00a0is closer to Umbrian\u00a0ulu<\/em>,\u00a0ulo<\/em>\u00a0\u2018illuc\u2019 and Oscan\u00a0ulas<\/em>\u00a0\u2018illius\u2019 then to Latin\u00a0ille<\/em>\u00a0(see\u00a0a<\/strong>\u00b3, \u0103l, acest<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    acer\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0(variants\u00a0acira<\/em>,\u00a0acina<\/em>) (reg.) (vb., I)\u00a0 \u2013 1. to wait; 2. to watch (Banat).<\/p>\n

    Latin *acinari<\/em>\u00a0(Graur,\u00a0BL<\/em>, 4, 64; Cioranescu, 45). Latin\u00a0acinari<\/em>\u00a0has no attestation. On the other hand, Pu\u015fcariu (Dacor<\/em>., 2, 592) thinks that it derives from Albanian\u00a0kj\u00eblloni<\/em>\u00a0\u201eto take care\u201d, but the derivation it is not possible, althoguh this Albanian verb is a cognate of Romanian\u00a0acera<\/strong>. It seems to be of Thraco-Illyrian origin.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    ac\u1eb9st<\/strong>,\u00a0<\/strong>ac\u1eb9sta<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variant\u00a0\u0103sta<\/em>, Aromanian\u00a0<\/em>a\u0163estu, aest<\/em>(\u016d<\/em>)) (dem. pron.) –\u00a0 this.<\/p>\n

    Latin\u00a0iste<\/em>,\u00a0ista<\/em>,\u00a0istud<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 11; Candrea-Densusianu, 13;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 4553; Cioranescu, 46). Romanian\u00a0acest<\/strong>(a<\/strong>) is a derivative of\u00a0\u0103sta<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018this\u2019 which is rather a cognate of Latin\u00a0iste<\/em>. Again Roamania\u00a0\u0103sta<\/strong>\u00a0comes closer to Umbrian\u00a0estu<\/em>\u00a0\u2018istum\u2019,\u00a0esto<\/em>\u00a0\u2018ista\u2019; cf. Albanian\u00a0k\u00eb<\/em>–to<\/em>\u00a0\u2018this\u2019.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    acio\u1ea1ie<\/strong>\u00a0(variant\u00a0cioaie<\/em>) (n., fem.) \u2013 bronze, yellow brass.<\/p>\n

    Italian\u00a0acciaio<\/em>\u00a0\u2018steel\u2019 (Hasdeu,\u00a0Etym.<\/em>;\u00a0DAR<\/em>; Cioranescu, 49). Candrea and Scriban reject this hypothesis, although Hasdeu seems to be right.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    aciu\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0(variant\u00a0aciuia<\/em>,\u00a0aciola<\/em>,\u00a0acina<\/em>) (vb., I) \u2013 to hide, to shelter.<\/p>\n

    OCS\u00a0ute\u010dati<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to run\u2019 (Cihac, 9). Latin *acellare<\/em>\u00a0< Latin\u00a0cella<\/em>\u00a0\u2018hiding place\u2019 (Philippide,\u00a0ZRPh<\/em>., 31, 287; Pu\u015fcariu,\u00a0Conv. lit<\/em>., 1908, 602;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 1802;\u00a0DAR<\/em>), Latin *accubiliare<\/em>\u00a0(Candrea-Densusianu, 10) or Latin\u00a0cieri<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to incite, to call\u2019 (Cioranescu, 50).<\/p>\n

    All four hypotheses are inadequate, either phonologically or semantically. Although Philippide is partially right, since Latin\u00a0cella<\/em>\u00a0\u2018hiding place\u2019 is cognate to Romanian\u00a0aciua<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

    Romanian\u00a0aciua<\/strong>\u00a0derives from PIE *k<\/strong>\u2019el<\/strong>– \u2018to cover, to hide\u2019, with the nominal from\u00a0k<\/strong>\u2019olia \u2018<\/strong>cover, hiding place\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 553); cf. Latin\u00a0cilium<\/em>\u00a0\u2018eyelid\u2019, Gothic\u00a0hulian \u2018<\/em>to hide\u2019, Old Norse\u00a0hulia<\/em>, OHG\u00a0hullen \u2018<\/em>to cover\u2019. The noun\u00a0acioal\u0103<\/em>\u00a0\u2018hiding place\u2019 derives from\u00a0<\/strong>k\u2019olia<\/strong>\u00a0and the verbal form\u00a0aciola<\/em>\u00a0seems to be a derivative ofacioal\u0103<\/em>. All these forms present an initial\u00a0a<\/em>, one of the derivation method found in Romanian languages. From the same root derive some other Romanian words without an initial\u00a0a<\/em>\u00a0(see\u00a0colib\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018hut\u2019\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>coln\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\u2018a rudimentary shelter for animals or farming tools\u2019\u00a0<\/strong>,\u00a0\u015foric \u2018<\/strong>pork skin\u2019). Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    ac\u1ecdlo<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variants\u00a0acole<\/em>,\u00a0acolea<\/em>,\u00a0acol\u00f3,<\/em>\u00a0colo<\/em>,\u00a0<\/em>Aromanian\u00a0<\/em>acl\u00f3, acl\u00f3i acl\u00f3\u0163e<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0colo<\/em>\u00a0etc.<\/em>) (adv.) \u2013 there, over there.<\/p>\n

    Latin *eccum illoc<\/em>\u00a0(Philippide,\u00a0Principii<\/em>, 92; Pu\u015fcariu, 15; Candrea-Densusianu, 12;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 4270; Cioranescu, 54). As in the case of\u00a0aici<\/strong>\u00a0(aci<\/em>) \u2018here\u2019 and Romanian demonstrative pronouns, adverbs and prepositions,\u00a0acolo<\/strong>\u00a0cannot derive from some strange Latin compound.<\/p>\n

    Romanian\u00a0acolo<\/strong>\u00a0derives from PIE *k\u02b7el<\/strong>–\u00a0<\/em>\u2018<\/em>far away (in space or time\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 640). Bomhard (316) reconstructs a Proto-Nostratic*k\u02b7<\/strong>(h<\/strong>)ul<\/strong>-, *k\u02b7<\/strong>(h<\/strong>)ol<\/strong>– \u2018far off, far away, distant\u2019; cf. Greek\u00a0\u00a0\u03c4\u03ae\u03bb\u03b5 \u2018<\/em>far off, far away\u2019 and Welsh, Cornish, Breton\u00a0pell<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>\u201efar away\u201d, as well as in the Altaic family: cf. Classical Mongolian\u00a0qola<\/em>\u00a0\u2018far, distant\u2019, Buriat \u03c7olo \u2018far, distant\u2019 (see\u00a0acel, acest, \u00eencoace, \u00eencolo<\/strong>).<\/em>\u00a0Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    acoper\u1ecb<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variant\u00a0coperi<\/em>, Aromanian\u00a0acoapir<\/em>) (vb., I) \u2013 1. to cover; 2. to hide.<\/p>\n

    Latin\u00a0cooperire<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to cover\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 395; Candrea-Densusianu, 307;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 2205; Cioranescu, 2379). In Latin,\u00a0cooperire<\/em>\u00a0was much less frequent then\u00a0operio<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 as opposed to\u00a0<\/em>aperio<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to open\u2019.<\/p>\n

    It is found in all Romance languages; cf. Italian\u00a0coprire<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, French\u00a0couvrir<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Spanich\u00a0cubrir<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Vegliote\u00a0koprer<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 etc. Only Romanian form has an initiala<\/em>. Albanian\u00a0kaplo<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to cover\u2019 cannot derive form Latin, but it seems it is a cognate of the Romance forms.<\/p>\n

    Both Latin forms\u00a0o-perio<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0a-perio<\/em>\u00a0derive from the same PIE *uerio<\/strong>\u00a0(Ernout-Meillet), found\u00a0 also in Italic, Baltic, Slavic and Sanskrit languages; cf. Osco-Umbrian\u00a0veru<\/em>\u00a0\u2018door\u2019, Lithuanian\u00a0u\u017e<\/em>–veriu<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to close\u2019,\u00a0ad<\/em>–veriu<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to open\u2019, OCS\u00a0vira<\/em>,\u00a0vreti<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to close\u2019 and Sanskrit\u00a0apavrnoti<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to open\u201d\u2019(III, sg.),\u00a0apivrnoti<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to close\u2019 (III, sg.).<\/p>\n

    Derivatives:\u00a0acoperire<\/em>,\u00a0acoper\u0103m\u00e2nt<\/em>,\u00a0acoperi\u015f<\/em>,\u00a0acoperitor<\/em>.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    \u1ea1cru<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0acru<\/em>\u00a0\u2018sour\u2019) (adj.) \u2013 sour.<\/p>\n

    Vulgar Latin *acrus<\/em>\u00a0< Latin\u00a0acer<\/em>\u00a0\u2018sharp, enthusiastic, violent\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 15; Candrea-Densusianu, 13;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 92; Cioranescu, 59). Cognates are found in all Romance as well as in Albanian\u00a0egr\u00eb \u2018<\/em>sour\u2019.<\/p>\n

    Latin\u00a0acer<\/em>\u00a0derives from PIE *ak<\/strong>\u2019er<\/strong>,\u00a0ok<\/strong>\u2019er<\/strong>\u00a0<\/em>din\u00a0ak<\/strong>-,\u00a0ok<\/strong>\u2019- \u2018sharp\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 24).<\/p>\n

    Derivatives:\u00a0a acri<\/em>,\u00a0acreal\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0acri\u015for<\/em>,\u00a0acru\u0163<\/em>.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    ac\u1ee5m<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variants\u00a0acnu<\/em>,\u00a0acmu<\/em>,\u00a0amu<\/em>,\u00a0acu<\/em>,\u00a0acu\u015fi<\/em>, Aromanian\u00a0amu<\/em>,\u00a0amo<\/em>\u00a0\u2018now\u2019, Megleno-Romanian (a)cmo<\/em>,\u00a0amu<\/em>,\u00a0mo<\/em>\u00a0\u2018now\u2019, Istro-Romanian (a<\/em>)cmo<\/em>, (a<\/em>)hmo<\/em>) \u2018now\u2019 (adv.) \u2013 now.<\/p>\n

    Latin *eccum modo<\/em>\u00a0(Philippide,\u00a0Principii<\/em>, 92; Pu\u015fcariu, 18; Candrea-Densusianu, 14;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 5630, Cioranescu, 65). The putative Latin \u2018etymon\u2019 *eccum modo<\/em>would have a completely different meaning then Romanian\u00a0acum<\/strong>. On the other hand,\u00a0d<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>of\u00a0\u00a0modo<\/em>\u00a0should not drop off, even more it was not preserved in any of the many forms found in Romanian dialects.<\/p>\n

    In other words, Latin *eccum modo<\/em>\u00a0would give in Romanian *ec<\/em>(u<\/em>)mod<\/em>, but not\u00a0acmu<\/em>,\u00a0acnu<\/em>, the older forms for \u2018now\u2019. Romanian\u00a0acnu<\/em>,\u00a0acmu<\/em>\u00a0derive\u00a0 from PIE *nu \u2018<\/strong>now\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 770), prefixed with\u00a0ac<\/em>-. The root is found in many other Indo-European languages; cf. Latin\u00a0\u00a0nunc<\/em>\u00a0\u2018now\u2019, Gothic\u00a0nu<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, OHG\u00a0nu<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Lithuanian\u00a0nu<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Tocharian A, B\u00a0nu<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Old Irish\u00a0nu<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Greek\u00a0\u03bd\u03c5<\/em>,\u00a0\u03bd\u03c5\u03bd<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019. The prefix\u00a0<\/em>ac<\/em>– is quite usual in Romanian in demonstrative pronouns and adverbs (see\u00a0<\/strong>acel<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018that\u2019,\u00a0<\/strong>acest<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018this\u2019,\u00a0<\/strong>a\u015fa<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018thus\u2019). Traco-Daian origin.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    ad\u0103lm\u1ea1\u015f<\/strong>\u00a0(variant\u00a0ald\u0103ma\u015f<\/em>) (n., neut.) \u2013 drink or meal offered after a transaction.<\/p>\n

    Hungarian\u00a0adolm\u00e1s<\/em>\u00a0\u20181. toast, blessing; 2. pitcher of wine (fig.)\u2019 (Cihac, II, 475; Berneker, 27, G\u00e1ldi,\u00a0Dict.<\/em>, 86; Cioranescu, 184).<\/p>\n

    Romanian\u00a0ad\u0103lma\u015f<\/strong>\u00a0has the same origin as\u00a0ad\u0103man\u0103<\/em>\u00a0\u2018bribery, gift\u2019; cf. Hungarian\u00a0adomany \u2018<\/em>id\u2019. Poghirc (ILR<\/em>, 327) associates Romanian\u00a0ad\u0103man\u0103<\/em>\u00a0with aademeni<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018to allure, to tempt\u2019 and\u00a0 considers it to be of Thraco-Dacian origin (see\u00a0ademeni<\/strong>). Hungarian borrowed these forms from Romanian. The word is found in some other neighboring languages; cf. Ukrainian\u00a0odoma\u0161<\/em>\u00a0\u2018gift\u2019, Serbian\u00a0alduma\u0161<\/em>\u00a0\u2018salary\u2019, Slovak\u00a0aldoma\u0161<\/em>\u00a0\u2018salary\u2019. Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    ad\u0103p\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0adap<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0dap<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0adopu<\/em>) (vb., I) – 1. to give water to an animal; 2. (refl<\/em>.) to drink water (about an animal).<\/p>\n

    Latin\u00a0adaquare \u2018<\/em>to water, to sprinkle\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 20;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 147; Cioranescu, 69). The form is found only in Italian with the same meaning as in Latin The meaning of Romanian\u00a0ad\u0103pa<\/strong>\u00a0is found only in\u00a0Vulgata<\/em>, the Latin version of\u00a0Septuaginta<\/em>. The translation was done by Saint Hyeronymus, around 383 AD at the request of Pope Damasus. Saint Hyeronymus was born and lived part of his life in Illyria (see\u00a0ap\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\u2018water\u2019).<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    ad\u0103st\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0adastu<\/em>) (vb., I) \u2013 to stand by, to wait.<\/p>\n

    Latin *adastare<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>(Pu\u015fcariu, 22;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 148; Cioranescu, 72). Meyer-L\u00fcbke follows Pu\u015fcariu and translate Latin *adastare<\/em>\u00a0by \u2018to wait in line, to hesitate\u2019, while Cioranescu thinks that\u00a0adastare<\/em>\u00a0means \u2018to be present\u2019. In fact, this verb has no attestation whatsoever, neither in Ancient Latin (cf.\u00a0TLL<\/em>), nor in Medieval Latin (cf. Niermeyer). On the other hand, there are no cognates in any other Romance language.<\/p>\n

    Romanian\u00a0ad\u0103sta<\/strong>\u00a0is a derivative of a\u00a0sta<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018to stay, to stand\u2019 prefixed with the preposition *ad<\/strong>\u00a0(as in\u00a0<\/strong>ad\u0103pa<\/strong>,\u00a0ad\u0103post<\/strong>(i)<\/em>, etc), therefore from an older *ad<\/em>–stare<\/em>\u00a0> *adastare \u2018<\/em>to stand by, to wait\u2019 (see\u00a0sta<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    ad\u0103ug\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variant\u00a0ad\u0103ugi,<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>Aromanian\u00a0<\/em>adavg<\/em>) (vb., I) \u2013 to add.<\/p>\n

    Latin\u00a0adaugere<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to make bigger, to add\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 10; Candrea-Densusianu, 16;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 149; Cioranescu, 68).<\/p>\n

    Dervatives:\u00a0adaus<\/em>,\u00a0ad\u0103ugire<\/em>,\u00a0ad\u0103ugare<\/em>.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    ad\u0103p\u1ecdst<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(n., neut.) \u2013 shelter.<\/p>\n

    Latin\u00a0ad depositum<\/em>\u00a0or *addapostum<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>(Philippide,\u00a0Principii<\/em>, 97; Tiktin; Pu\u015fcariu, 21; Rosetti, I, 161; Cioranescu, 70) or Latin\u00a0ad appos(i)tum<\/em>\u00a0(Candrea-Densusianu) where\u00a0appositum<\/em>\u00a0derives from\u00a0appono<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to put, to place\u2019 from an Old Latin *adponno<\/em>. All this discussion makes no sense since Old Latin cannot explain any Romanian etymology, unless one considers that a similar form may have existed in Thraco-Illyrian. Uncertain origin.<\/p>\n

    Derivatives:\u00a0a ad\u0103posti<\/em>,\u00a0ad\u0103postire<\/em>,\u00a0ad\u0103posteal\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0ad\u0103postitor<\/em>.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    ad\u0103u\u015f<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(adj.) \u2013 heavy breathing (about animals) (western Trans.)<\/p>\n

    The authors of DAR assciate it with Hungarian\u00a0d\u00fch\u00f6s<\/em>\u00a0\u2018angry, furious\u2019, but this does make sense since the meaning of the two words are different. This adjective should be associated with\u00a0adia<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018to breeze\u2019 and\u00a0duios<\/strong>. It derives PIE\u00a0 *dheu<\/strong>-, *dheu<\/strong>– \u2018to breeze, to breathe, breath\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 261) prefixed with the preposition *ad<\/strong>as\u00a0adia<\/strong>\u00a0(see\u00a0adia<\/strong>,\u00a0duios<\/strong>). Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    ad\u1eadnc<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0ad\u00e2nc<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0d\u0103nca<\/em>) (adj.) \u2013 deep.<\/p>\n

    Latin\u00a0aduncus<\/em>\u00a0(Pu\u015fcariu, 25; Candrea-Densusianu, 17; Tiktin).<\/p>\n

    Latin\u00a0aduncus<\/em>\u00a0means \u2018aquiline, curved\u2019 in reference to body parts such as nose, beak or horns. Spanish\u00a0adunco<\/em>\u00a0has the same meaning as in Latin (cf. Williams, 1988), while Romanian\u00a0ad\u00e2nc<\/strong>\u00a0has a completly different meaning. Obviously this hypothesis cannot be accepted. On the other hand, a Latin round vowel cannot turn into a middle or front vowel in Romanian. Because of this, Meyer-L\u00fcbke\u00a0 (REW<\/em>, 144) and Rosetti (ILR<\/em>, 161) proposed a Vulgar Latin *adancus,<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>but this form has no attestation or any cognates in any other Romance language. In other words, none of these two hypotheses can be accepted.<\/p>\n

    Romanian\u00a0ad\u00e2nc<\/strong>\u00a0may be associated with PIE *dheub<\/strong>-,\u00a0<\/strong>dheup<\/strong>– *dheug<\/strong>-, *dheuk<\/strong>– \u2018deep, hole\u2019,\u00a0dhumb<\/strong>\u00a0<\/em>\u2018<\/em>hole or depression into the ground\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 267). Romanian\u00a0ad\u00e2nc<\/strong>\u00a0seems to derive from *dheuk<\/strong>-, with a later nazal infix as in Celtic languages and prefixation with *ad<\/strong>, therefore a *ad<\/em>–demk<\/em>, *ad<\/em>–denk<\/em>; cf. Irishdomhain<\/em>\u00a0\u2018deep\u2019, Welsh\u00a0dwfn<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Cornish\u00a0down<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Breton\u00a0doun<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 as well as Gothic\u00a0diups<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 and Lithuanian\u00a0dumbaris<\/em>\u00a0\u2018a deep hole full of water\u2019 can be added as a cognate.\u00a0 Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

    Derivatives:\u00a0ad\u00e2ncire<\/em>,\u00a0ad\u00e2ncime<\/em>,\u00a0ad\u00e2ncitur\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0ad\u00e2ncit<\/em>.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    ademen\u1ecb<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(vb., IV)\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 1. to atract; 2 to seduce.<\/p>\n

    Cihac (2, 202) associates it with a\u00a0<\/strong>momi<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 and OCS\u00a0mamiti<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to cheat\u2019. From Hungarian\u00a0adomany \u2018<\/em>gift, donation\u2019 (DAR<\/em>; Cioranescu, 73). Instead, Hasdeu considers it to be of Thraco-Dacian origin (Col. lui Traian<\/em>, 1874, 102). This Romanian verb has the same structure as\u00a0ad\u0103pa<\/strong>,\u00a0ad\u0103post<\/strong>(i),<\/em>\u00a0ad\u0103sta<\/strong>, namely a (verbal) root prefixed by preposition *ad<\/strong>. In other words, from an older *admeni<\/em>. Poghirc (ILR<\/em>, 327) shows that\u00a0ad\u0103man\u0103<\/em>\u00a0\u2018gift, bribe\u2019 is related to Phrygian\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1\u03bc\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>(in Hesychius; cf. Hasdeu,\u00a0Col. lui Traian<\/em>, 1874, 102). As one may see the Phrygian form is built in the same manner. Pre-Roman origin (seead\u0103lma\u015f<\/strong>,\u00a0<\/strong>momi<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

    Derivatives:\u00a0ademenire<\/em>,\u00a0ademeneal\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0ademenitor<\/em>.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    ad\u1eb9s<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variants\u00a0adesea<\/em>,\u00a0adeseori<\/em>) (adv.) \u2013 frequently.<\/p>\n

    It is a compound from from\u00a0a<\/strong>\u00b2\u00a0<\/strong>\u015fi\u00a0des<\/strong>\u00a0(see\u00a0des<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    adev\u1eb7r<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0aver<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0veru<\/em>\u00a0\u2018truly\u2019) (n., neut.) \u2013 truth.<\/p>\n

    Vulgar Latin *ad-de-verum<\/em>\u00a0(Philippide,\u00a0Principii<\/em>, 96; Pu\u015fcariu, 24;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 9262; Cioranescu, 77).<\/p>\n

    This Latin \u2018etymon\u2019 cannot be accepted. It is not attested anywhere and there are no cognates forms in any Romance language to derive form this putative etymon. The Daco-Romanian and the Aromanian forms indicates an older *adver<\/em>, from PIE *\u016der<\/strong>– \u2018truth\u2019 (Walde, 2, 728) prefixed with the preposition *ad<\/strong>, while Istro-Romanian\u00a0<\/em>veru<\/em>\u00a0kept the root as it was. The root can be found in many Indo-European languages; cf. Sanskrit\u00a0ri<\/em>–vrata<\/em>\u00a0\u2018the one who tells the truth\u2019, Latin\u00a0verus \u2018<\/em>true\u2019, OHG\u00a0war<\/em>\u00a0\u2018truth\u2019, Irish\u00a0fir<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Welsh\u00a0gwir<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, OCS\u00a0vera<\/em>\u00a0\u2018belief\u2019, Avestan\u00a0v\u0259r\u0259ne<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to believe\u2019, as well as Albanian\u00a0v\u00ebrtet<\/em>\u00a0\u2018inded\u2019,\u00a0v\u00ebrtet\u00eb<\/em>\u00a0\u2018truth\u2019.<\/p>\n

    Derivatives:\u00a0a<\/em>\u00a0(se<\/em>)\u00a0adeveri<\/em>,\u00a0adeverin\u0163\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0adeveritor<\/em>,\u00a0neadev\u0103r<\/em>.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    adi\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variant\u00a0aduia<\/em>\u00a0(Trans.) Aromanian\u00a0adil\u2019iu<\/em>\u00a0\u20181. to breathe; 2. to caress\u2019) (vb., I) \u2013 1. to blow, to breeze; 2. to breathe gently; 3. to caress.<\/p>\n

    Vulgar Latin *aduliare<\/em>\u00a0<\/em><\u00a0adulare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to adulate, to flatter\u2019 (REW, 204) or Latin *adiliare<\/em>\u00a0<\/em><\u00a0ilia<\/em>\u00a0\u2018intestines\u2019 (Candrea,\u00a0Conv. lit<\/em>., 39, 119; Pascu, I, 102). It is obvious that both etymons should be rejected because their meanings are completely different.<\/p>\n

    Cihac (2, 1) thinks that it derives form Polish\u00a0odwia\u010d<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to breathe\u2019, while Scriban associates it with Bulgarian\u00a0duja<\/em>\u00a0and Serbian\u00a0dujem<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to breathe\u2019. The Slavic forms are, indeed, cognates to Romanian\u00a0adia<\/strong>, but it can be derived from any of them, but all these forms derive from PIE *dheu<\/strong>-, *dheu<\/strong>– \u2018to breeze, to breathe, breath\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 261); cf. Sanskrit\u00a0\u00a0apa<\/em>–dvan<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to rise\u2019\u00a0upa<\/em>–dvan<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to fly towards\u2019. The Aromanian form indicates an older *adilio<\/em>, –are<\/em>. Again the verbal root is prefixed by preposition *ad<\/strong>. It is related to\u00a0duios<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018loving, affectionate\u2019 and\u00a0ad\u0103u\u015f<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018heavy breathing\u2019 (see\u00a0duios<\/strong>,\u00a0<\/strong>ad\u0103u\u015f<\/strong>). Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    ad\u1ecbc\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0(variants\u00a0adec\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0adic\u0103t\u0103le<\/em>,\u00a0adic\u0103t\u0103lea<\/em>) (adv.) \u2013 1. namely, strictly speaking; 2. therefore.<\/p>\n

    For this Romanian word there were proposed some of the most bizarre etymologies.<\/p>\n

    From Greek\u00a0\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae<\/em>\u00a0\u2018justice\u2019 (Hasdeu,\u00a0Etym<\/em>.; Jarnik,\u00a0ZRPh<\/em>., 27; Candrea,\u00a0Elem<\/em>., 64) or Latin\u00a0ad id quod<\/em>\u00a0(Philippide,\u00a0Principii<\/em>, 7) or even Turkish (Arabic)\u00a0dakika<\/em>\u2018moment, second\u2019 (Lokotsch, 469) and some others not worthy to mention. Obviously, none of these etymologies can be accepted.<\/p>\n

    Nevertheless, there is a Latin\u00a0adaeque<\/em>\u00a0(ad<\/em>–aeque<\/em>) \u2018equally, thus\u2019 (in\u00a0Corpus gloss<\/em>.\u00a0lat<\/em>., 5, 21; cf. Cioranescu, 81) which the Latin verb\u00a0adaequo<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to make equal\u2019 derives from (cf. Glare, 1997). On the other hand, Latin\u00a0adaeque<\/em>\u00a0is extremely rare and one cannot tell if it can be associated with Romanian\u00a0adic\u0103<\/strong>. Furthermore, there are not cognates in any Romance languages. However, it may be associated with a\u00a0zice<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018to say\u2019, since it has a similar meaning with the expression\u00a0va s\u0103 zic\u0103<\/em>\u2018therefore\u2019, although it is not clear why\u00a0d<\/em>\u00a0did not turn into\u00a0z<\/em>. Uncertain origin (see\u00a0zice<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    adine\u1ea1uri<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variants\u00a0adineaori<\/em>,\u00a0adineaorea<\/em>) (adv.) \u2013 a little while ago, not too long ago.<\/p>\n

    Latin\u00a0in illa hora<\/em>\u00a0(Pu\u015fcariu, 26;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 4146) would give in Romanian *ilioar\u0103<\/em>\u00a0or *inioar\u0103<\/em>, similar to Italian\u00a0allora<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0illa hora<\/em>. Latin *ad de in illa horam<\/em>(Pu\u015fcariu, 26). This hypothesis does not make any sense. Needless to say that a compound of five Latin elements to \u2018explain\u2019 the etymology of a Romanian word cannot be accepted. This adverb should be associated with\u00a0oar\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018time\u2019 and\u00a0odinioar\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0(see\u00a0oar\u0103<\/strong>,\u00a0odinioar\u0103<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    ad\u1ecbns<\/strong>\u00a0(variants\u00a0\u00eenadins<\/em>,\u00a0dinadins<\/em>) (adv.) \u2013 on purpose, deliberately.<\/p>\n

    Latin *ad ipsum illum<\/em>\u00a0(REW<\/em>, 4541;\u00a0DAR<\/em>) or Latin\u00a0ad idipsum \u2018<\/em>just for this\u2019 (Cioranescu, 84). In both cases the derivation is not possible. It is a derivative of\u00a0ins<\/strong>\u2018individual\u2019 (see\u00a0ins<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    adorm\u1ecb<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0adormu<\/em>) (vb., IV)\u00a0 \u2013 1. to fall asleep; 2. death, demise (rel.).<\/p>\n

    Latin\u00a0addormire<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to fall asleep\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 27; Candrea-Densusianu., 509;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 157; Cioranescu, 92) (see\u00a0<\/strong>dormi \u2018<\/strong>to sleep\u2019).<\/p>\n

    Derivatives:\u00a0adormire<\/em>,\u00a0adormitor<\/em>,\u00a0adormi\u0163\u00e9le<\/em>\u00a0\u2018pasqueflowers, morning glories\u2019.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    ad\u1ee5ce<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0aduc<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0duc<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0aducu<\/em>) (vb., III) \u2013 1. to bring; 2. to bend; 3. to be like, to resemble.<\/p>\n

    Latin\u00a0adducere<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to pull\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 28; Candrea-Densusianu., 518;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 160; Cioranescu, 94); cf. Italian\u00a0addure<\/em>, Catalan\u00a0adur<\/em>, Spanish\u00a0aducir<\/em>\u00a0(see\u00a0duce<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

    Derivatives:\u00a0aducere<\/em>,\u00a0aduc\u0103tur\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0adus\u0103tur\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0aduc\u0103tor<\/em>.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    adulmec\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0(variants\u00a0adulma<\/em>,\u00a0aulma<\/em>,\u00a0olm<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>\u201esmell\u201d,\u00a0ulma<\/em>\u00a0\u201eid\u201d) (vb., I) – 1. to scent, to smell, to sniff, to follow by smell; 2. to sense, to notice.<\/p>\n

    Latin *adolmicare<\/em>\u00a0(Hasdeu,\u00a0Etym<\/em>., 386; Pu\u015fcariu, 29) or Latin *adosmare<\/em>\u00a0(REW<\/em>, 6112). Cioranescu (95) considers it of obscure origin, but he associates it with Latin *adosmare<\/em>\u00a0< Latin *osmare<\/em>, from Greek\u00a0\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c9<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to sniff, to smell\u2019. None of these hypotheses can be accepted, since the proposed etymons are not attested or there are no cognates in any of the Romance languages. On the other hand, Romanian\u00a0adulmeca<\/strong>\u00a0is cognate to Greek\u00a0\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c9<\/em>.<\/p>\n

    Romanian\u00a0adulmeca<\/strong>\u00a0derives from PIE *od<\/strong>– \u2018to smell\u2019, *od<\/strong>–ma<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018smell, aroma, perfume\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 712); cf. Armenian\u00a0hot<\/em>\u00a0\u2018steam, smell\u2019,\u00a0hotim<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to smell\u2019, Homeric Greek\u00a0\u03bf\u03b4\u03bc\u03ae<\/em>, Dorian Greek\u00a0\u03bf\u03b4\u03bc\u03ac<\/em>\u00a0\u2018steam, smell\u2019, Latin\u00a0odefacio<\/em>,\u00a0olefacio<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to smell\u2019,\u00a0oleo<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to smell, to stink\u2019, Lithuanian\u00a0\u01d4od\u017eiu<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to smell\u2019. It seems that the Romanian verb derives from the nominal form *odma<\/strong>\u00a0<\/em>\u2018<\/em>smell\u2019. Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

    Derivatives:\u00a0adulmecare<\/em>,\u00a0adulmec\u0103tor<\/em>.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    adun\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0adun<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0dun<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0aduru<\/em>) (vb., I) \u2013 1. to gather, to bring together; 2. to heap, to accumulate; 3 to add.<\/p>\n

    Latin\u00a0adunare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to unite, to bring together\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 31;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 209; Cioranescu, 97); cf. Italian\u00a0adunare<\/em>, Spanish, Catalan, Portuguese\u00a0aunar<\/em>. The verbal formadunare<\/em>\u00a0is rare in Latin (only in a few Late Latin glosses), while the noun\u00a0adunatio<\/em>\u00a0\u2018gathering, reunion\u2019 is found more often.<\/p>\n

    Derivatives:\u00a0adunare<\/em>,\u00a0adunat<\/em>,\u00a0adun\u0103tur\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0adun\u0103tor<\/em>.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    \u1ea1er<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0aeru<\/em>) (n., neut.)\u00a0 \u2013 1. air; 2. look, appereance.<\/p>\n

    Latin\u00a0aer<\/em>\u00a0(Pu\u015fcariu, 43;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 240;\u00a0DAR<\/em>; Cioranescu, 101). Panromanic; cf. Albanian\u00a0aj\u00ebr<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019. The meaning #2 is borrowed from French. The word itself is not a modern loanword since it is attested in Romanian Balkan dialects.<\/p>\n

    Derivatives:\u00a0a aera<\/em>,\u00a0aereal\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0aeresc<\/em>,\u00a0aerian<\/em>,\u00a0aerisi<\/em>\u00a0< Neo-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03c9<\/em>, as well as modern loanwords such as\u00a0aeroplan<\/em>,\u00a0aeronaut<\/em>,\u00a0aeronav\u0103<\/em>\u00a0etc.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    af\u1ea1r\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0afoar\u0103<\/em>) (adv.) \u2013 outside, beyond.<\/p>\n

    Latin\u00a0ad foras<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0foras<\/em>\u00a0\u2018outside\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 33; Candrea-Densusianu, 550;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 265; Cioranescu, 105); cf. Italian\u00a0fuori<\/em>, Old French\u00a0afors<\/em>, Spanish\u00a0afuera<\/em>.<\/p>\n

    Walde (1, 529) erroneously derives Latin\u00a0\u00a0foris<\/em>\u00a0(foras<\/em>) from PIE *dhuor<\/strong>\u00a0<\/em>\u2018<\/em>door\u2019.<\/p>\n

    However, there are similar forms in other Indo-European languages; cf. Albanian\u00a0af\u00ebr<\/em>\u00a0\u2018next, close\u2019, Gothic\u00a0afar<\/em>\u00a0\u2018beyond\u2019, Hittite\u00a0para \u2018<\/em>outside\u2019, Sanskrit\u00a0apara<\/em>\u2018behind, later\u2019, Armenian\u00a0ap\u0384n<\/em>\u00a0\u2018shore\u2019, OHG\u00a0ufer<\/em>\u00a0\u2018shore\u2019. All these forms seem to derive from PIE *\u0101pero \u2018<\/strong>shore\u2019\u00a0<\/em>(IEW<\/em>, 53).<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    \u1ea1fin<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0afin<\/em>) (n., masc) \u2013 blueberry bush (Vaccinium myrtillus<\/em>).<\/p>\n

    Hungarian\u00a0afonya<\/em>\u00a0(Cihac, 2, 475), but Cihac is wrong about it, since the form is found in Aromanian as well, which is spoken in Greece, Albanian and southern Bulgaria and therefore\u00a0 it cannot borrow it form Hungarian. From Latin\u00a0daphne<\/em>\u00a0\u2018laurel\u2019 (Herzog,\u00a0RF<\/em>, 1, 94-104). In this case, the derivation is not possible, although the two forms are cognates. Romanian\u00a0afin<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>should be associated with Calabrian\u00a0afina<\/em>\u00a0\u2018laurel\u2019 which seems to be inherited from Oscan language. Latindaphne<\/em>\u00a0is a loanword from Greek\u00a0\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03bd\u03b7<\/em>. Chantraine (255) argues that the Greek form is of Mediterranean origin; cf. Micenian\u00a0dapu<\/em>. From Romanian it was borrowed into other neighboring languages; cf. Ukrainian\u00a0jafina<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u201d\u2019, Polish\u00a0<\/em>iafira<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Transylvanian Saxon\u00a0afunie<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019. There is no doubt that Hungarianafonya<\/em>\u00a0is a loanword from Romanian as well. Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

    Derivatives:\u00a0afin\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0afini\u015f<\/em>,\u00a0afinat\u0103<\/em>.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    afl\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0aflu<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0oflu<\/em>) (vb., I) \u2013 1. to find out, to come up with; 2. to hear, to learn.<\/p>\n

    Latin\u00a0afflare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to breathe\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 34; Candrea-Densusianu, 19;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 261; Cioranescu, 114). There are similar forms in other Romance languages; cf. Veglioteaflatura<\/em>, Calabrian\u00a0ahhare<\/em>, Spanish\u00a0haller<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to find\u2019, Portuguese\u00a0achar<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Romansch\u00a0afla<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019.<\/p>\n

    The meaning of Latin\u00a0afflare<\/em>\u00a0is completely different, therefore, it cannot be the etymon of Romance forms which seems to be of Pre-Roman origin.<\/p>\n

    Schuchardt (ZRPh<\/em>., 20, 536) believes that there was a meaning deviation of the expression of\u00a0mihi afflatur \u2018<\/em>one whispered to me\u2019. Later on, he came up with another hypothesis (ZRPh<\/em>, 31, 719; 32, 230), arguing that the meaning in Romance languages derives from the hunting jargon, namely the hound \u2018find out\u2019 by smelling (by breathing) the prey. I cannnot accept such an \u201cexplanation\u201d even if it comes from one of the greatest linguists such as Hugo Schuchardt.\u00a0 Corominas (3, 308) derives Spanich\u00a0hallar<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to find\u2019 < Old Spanish\u00a0falar<\/em>. from Latin\u00a0afflare.<\/em><\/p>\n

    A similar verb is found in Medio-Greek\u00a0\u03ac\u03bb\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to search, to look for\u2019, which made Cihac (2, 633) to believe that Romanian a\u00a0<\/strong>afla<\/strong>\u00a0is of Greek origin. The Medio-Greek\u00a0 verb may be a loanword from Late Thraco-Dacian or from Proto-Romanian, since it is not attested in ancient Greek. It seems to be of Pre-Roman origin.<\/p>\n

    Derivatives:\u00a0aflare<\/em>,\u00a0afl\u0103tor<\/em>.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    afuris\u1ecb<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0afurisire<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0<\/em>furisit<\/em>) (vb., I) \u2013 1. to excommunicate, to anathemize; 2. to curse, to damn.<\/p>\n

    Medio-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03c9<\/em>, aorist\u00a0\u03b1\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 (Roesler, 565; Cioranescu, 117); cf. Bulgarian\u00a0afurisati<\/em>, Turkish\u00a0aforoz<\/em>. From Romanian it was borrowed into Transylvanian Saxon\u00a0afurisin<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to curse\u2019.<\/p>\n

    Derivatives:\u00a0afurisenie<\/em>,\u00a0afurisit<\/em>.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    ag\u1ea1le<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0agale<\/em>) (adv.) –\u00a0 slowly, step by step.<\/p>\n

    Neo-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u2018<\/em>slowly\u2019 (Meyer,\u00a0Neugr. St.<\/em>, 4, 6, G\u00e1ldi, 141; Cioranescu, 120), which, according to these authors, derives from Italian\u00a0uguale<\/em>. Italian\u00a0uguale<\/em>means \u2018equal, same\u2019 and, therefore, cannot be the etymon of these Balkanic forms. There is a similar form with the same meaning in Albanian\u00a0ngadal\u00eb<\/em>\u00a0\u2018slowly\u2019 which cannot be a loanword from\u00a0 Neo-Greek. Neo-Greek borrowed it from Aromanian. Thraco-Illyrian origin.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    ag\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0 (n., masc.) (obs.) \u2013 1. high rank military officer in Turkish army.<\/p>\n

    Turkish\u00a0aga<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 (Roesler, 587; \u015e\u0103ineanu, II, 10; Cioranescu, 118).<\/p>\n

    Derivatives:\u00a0agie<\/em>\u00a0(obs.) \u2018police headquarters\u2019.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    ageam\u1ecbu<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0a\u011fami<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0a\u011famiia<\/em>) (adj.) \u2013 ignorant, incapable.<\/p>\n

    Turkish\u00a0acemi<\/em>\u00a0< Arabic\u00a0<\/em>a\u011fam<\/em>\u00a0\u2018Barbarian\u2019 (\u015e\u0103ineanu, II, 12; Cioranescu, 125); cf. Neo-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c4\u03b6\u03b1\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2<\/em>, Bulgarian\u00a0a\u011famija<\/em>.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    \u1ea1ger<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 1. keen, penetrating; 2. active, industrious.<\/p>\n

    Latin\u00a0agilis<\/em>\u00a0\u2018agile\u2019 (Cipariu,\u00a0Gram., II<\/em>, 344; Pu\u015fcariu, 37; Candrea-Densusianu, 19;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 230).<\/p>\n

    Turkish\u00a0\u00a0acar<\/em>\u00a0(pron.\u00a0agear<\/em>) \u2018industrious, keen, penetratating\u2019 seems to be a loanword from Romanian.<\/p>\n

    Derivatives:\u00a0a ageri<\/em>,\u00a0agerime<\/em>.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    aghi\u1ea1sm\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0(variant\u00a0aiazm\u0103<\/em>, Aromanian\u00a0agiazma<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0ghiasm\u00e1<\/em>) (n., fem.) – holy water.<\/p>\n

    Medio-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 (Cioranescu, 129); cf. Albanian\u00a0ajazm\u00eb<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Bulgarian\u00a0agiazma<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019<\/p>\n

    Derivatives:\u00a0a aghesmui<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to sprinkle with holy water\u2019,\u00a0aghiazmatar<\/em>\u00a0\u2018vessel for holy water\u2019.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    ag\u00e2mb\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0(vb., I) (dial.) \u2013 to hunt, to trample.<\/p>\n

    Latin\u00a0gamba<\/em>\u00a0(Philippide, II, 643) or from Latin *aggambare<\/em>\u00a0(REW<\/em>, 1529;\u00a0DAR<\/em>). Both hypotheses are rejected by Cioranescu (131). He considers it of unknown origin, especially because these \u201cetymons\u201d cannot explain forms such as\u00a0ag\u00e2mbeal\u0103<\/em>\u00a0\u2018epilepsy\u2019 and\u00a0ag\u00e2mbat<\/em>\u00a0\u2018poor, unhappy person\u2019.<\/p>\n

    Romanian\u00a0<\/strong>ag\u00e2mba<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>seems to derive from PIE *gheubh<\/strong>– \u2018to curb, to bend\u2019 (Walde, I, 597;\u00a0IEW<\/em>, 450) with the epenthesis of\u00a0m<\/em>, a frequent phonological phenomenon in Romanian. Similar forms are found in some other neighboring Indo-European languages; cf. Latvian\u00a0gubtu<\/em>,\u00a0gubt<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to bend, to curb\u2019, Lithuaniangeibus<\/em>\u00a0\u2018weak\u2019, Greek\u00a0\u03ba\u03c5\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0\u2018curbed, bend\u2019 (see\u00a0gheb<\/strong>). Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

    Derivatives:\u00a0ag\u00e2mbeal\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0ag\u00e2mbat<\/em>.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    agina<\/strong>\u00a0(vb., I) (reg., Olt.) \u2013 to cease, to stop.<\/p>\n

    It seems to be a compound form a verbal root\u00a0gin<\/strong>– prefixed with the preposition a. I could not identify any cognate in other Indo-European languages. Unknown\u00a0 origin.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    agonis\u1ecb<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanain\u00a0agunisescu<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0angunes\u00e9s<\/em>) (vb., IV) \u2013 1. to work hard, to toil (obs.<\/em>); 2. to gain; 3. to save.<\/p>\n

    Medio-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to fight\u2019 (Roesler, 563;\u00a0DAR<\/em>; Cioranescu, 134).<\/p>\n

    Derivatives:\u00a0agoniseal\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0agonisit\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0agonisitor<\/em>.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    agr\u1ecb\u015f<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(n., masc.) \u2013 gooseberry bush (Ribes grossularia<\/em>), barberry bush (Berberis vulagre<\/em>).<\/p>\n

    Hungarian\u00a0egres<\/em>\u00a0\u2018gooseberry\u2019 (G\u00e1ldi, 82; Cioranescu, 136), itself from MHG\u00a0agras<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>< Old French\u00a0aigras<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>< Latin\u00a0acrus<\/em>\u00a0(cf. Cioranescu).<\/p>\n

    Berneker (2, 5) argues that OCS\u00a0agres<\/em>, Czech\u00a0agrest<\/em>, Polish\u00a0<\/em>agrest<\/em>\u00a0are deriving from Italian\u00a0agresto<\/em>\u00a0\u2018unripe grapes\u2019. According to Miklosich (Fremdw., 73), Albanaian\u00a0grest\u00eb<\/em>\u00a0as well as Serbian\u00a0gre\u0161<\/em>,\u00a0ogre\u0161ta<\/em>\u00a0derive from Italian as well; cf. Russian\u00a0agrest<\/em>,\u00a0agrus<\/em>\u00a0\u2018agri\u015f\u2019. According to\u00a0 Vasmer (I, 5) the Russian forms are borrowed from Polish, Ukrainian\u00a0agrest<\/em>, which is also borrowed\u00a0 from Italian\u00a0agresto<\/em>.<\/p>\n

    The forms presented above do not seem to derive from the same source, namely some of them may derive from Italian and others from Romanian. Italian\u00a0agresto<\/em>seems to be cognate with Romnian\u00a0<\/strong>agurid\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018wild grapes\u2019 found in Albanian as well. It is obvious that Latin acrus<\/em>\u00a0\u2018sour\u2019 and Romanian\u00a0<\/strong>agri\u015f<\/strong>\u00a0derive from the same root. There are in Romanian other lexical elements deriving from the same root:\u00a0acri\u015f<\/em>\u00a0(dial.) \u2018yoghurt\u2019 and\u00a0m\u0103cri\u015f<\/em>\u00a0(variant\u00a0macri\u015f<\/em>) \u2018sorrel\u2019 due to their taste. Hungarian\u00a0egres<\/em>\u00a0is a loanword from Romanian (see\u00a0acru \u2018<\/strong>sour\u2019,\u00a0agurid\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018wild grapes\u2019).<\/p>\n

    Derivatives:\u00a0agri\u015f\u0103<\/em>.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    \u1ea1gru<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(dial.) (Aromanian and Megleno-Romanian\u00a0agru<\/em>) (n., neut.) \u2013 field.<\/p>\n

    Latin\u00a0agrum<\/em>\u00a0(acc. of\u00a0ager<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>\u201efield\u201d) (Pu\u015fcariu, 38; Candrea-Densusianu, 21;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 276). Latin\u00a0ager<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>derives from PIE *ag<\/strong>\u2019ro<\/strong>–s<\/strong>\u00a0(Walde, 1, 22). The root has derivatives in many Indo-European languages: cf. Umbrian\u00a0ager \u2018<\/em>id\u2019, Sanskrit\u00a0ajrah<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Gothic\u00a0akrs<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, OHG\u00a0ackar<\/em>\u00a0\u201eid\u201d, NHG\u00a0Acker<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019. The form\u00a0agru<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>is used only in some dialects, including Aromanian and Megleno-Romanian. The usual form in today\u2019s Daco-Romanian is\u00a0\u00a0ogor<\/strong>\u00a0(see\u00a0ogor<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    ag\u1ee5d\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(n., fem.) \u2013 mullberry.<\/p>\n

    OCS *agoda<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>(Hasdeu, 534). The Old Church Slavonic *agoda<\/em>\u00a0is not attested, but it was reconstructed from Serbian\u00a0jagoda<\/em>\u00a0\u2018wild strawberry\u2019 and therefore the hypothesis cannot be accepted, since one does not know what the origin of Serbian\u00a0jagoda<\/em>\u00a0is. On the other hand, Romanian\u00a0agud\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0cannot derive from Serbianjagoda<\/em>, which would give in Romanian *iagod\u0103<\/em>.<\/p>\n

    Romanian\u00a0agud\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0derives from the same root as\u00a0agri\u015f<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>and\u00a0agurid\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0(see\u00a0agri\u015f<\/strong>,\u00a0agurid\u0103<\/strong>), due to their sour taste (see\u00a0acru<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    agur\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0(vb., I) (obs., dial.) \u2013 to predict, to forecast.<\/p>\n

    Latin\u00a0a<\/em>(u<\/em>)gurare<\/em>\u00a0(Densusianu,\u00a0Rom<\/em>., 28, 61; Pu\u015fcariu, 39; Candrea-Densusianu, 23,\u00a0REW<\/em>, 784;\u00a0DAR<\/em>; Cioranescu, 139). The word is preserved in western Transylvania, only.<\/p>\n

    Cioranescu rejects Pascu\u2019s hypothesis (1, 178) that Aromanian\u00a0ugure<\/em>\u00a0\u2018prophecy\u2019 is not inherited, but a loanword from Turkish which borrowed it from Neo-Greek\u00a0\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03af<\/em>\u00a0< Latin\u00a0augurium<\/em>. Latin origin.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    agur\u1ecbd\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variant\u00a0acrid<\/em>\u00a0(obs.), Aromanian\u00a0agurid\u0103<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0gurid\u0103<\/em>) (n., fem.) \u2013 wild vine, wild grapes.<\/p>\n

    Medio-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1<\/em>\u00a0from\u00a0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0\u2018green\u2019 (Miklosich,\u00a0Fremdw.<\/em>\u00a073; Cioranescu, 140); cf. Albanian\u00a0aguridh\u00eb<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Bulgarian\u00a0agurida<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019. The Medio-Greek forms invoked by Miklosich are not attested in this language (cf. Lampe). The variant\u00a0acrid<\/em>\u00a0is a derivative of\u00a0acru<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018sour\u2019. It must be of Thraco-Illyrian origin, being present in Albanian and Bulgarian as well. It is related to\u00a0agud\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0(see\u00a0acru<\/strong>,\u00a0<\/strong>agud\u0103<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

    Derivatives:\u00a0agurijoar\u0103<\/em>\u00a0\u201erose moss\u201d (Portulaca grandifora<\/em>).<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    \u1ea1gust<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variants\u00a0gust<\/em>,\u00a0gustar<\/em>,\u00a0agustru<\/em>, Aromanian\u00a0avgustu<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0avgust<\/em>) (n., masc.) \u2013 the month of August.<\/p>\n

    Vulgar Latin *agustus<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>(Pu\u015fcariu, 40; Candrea-Densusianu, 24;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 786); cf. Albanian\u00a0gusht \u2018<\/em>id\u2019.<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>Present day form\u00a0august<\/strong>\u00a0is a modern adaptation dating form 19th century.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    ah<\/strong>\u00a0(variant\u00a0a<\/em>,\u00a0aha<\/em>) (interj.) \u2013 an interjection expressing pain.<\/p>\n

    The variants\u00a0\u00a0a<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0aha<\/em>\u00a0are expressing surprise or satisfaction. According Cioranescu (142), it is an imitative formation; cf.\u00a0 Sanskrit\u00a0aho<\/em>\u00a0\u2018interjection expressing as surprise or pain\u2019. Both may be associates with PIE *\u0101<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018exclamation expressing wonder\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 1) (see\u00a0a<\/strong>\u00b9).<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    ai<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian,\u00a0 Megleno-Romanian\u00a0al\u2019u<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0ol\u2019u<\/em>) (dial.) (n., masc.) \u2013 garlic.<\/p>\n

    Latin\u00a0alium<\/em>\u00a0\u2018garlic\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 47; Candrea-Densusianu;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 366; Cioranescu, 145). The root is found in Albanian and Sanskrit as well. cf. Albanian\u00a0aj<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Sanskrit\u00a0alu<\/em>–h<\/em>,\u00a0alukam<\/em>\u00a0\u2018root, bulb\u2019.<\/p>\n

    All these forms derive from PIE *alu<\/strong>-,\u00a0al\u014d<\/strong>– \u2018plant, bitter bulb\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 33). Romanian\u00a0ai<\/strong>\u00a0is used only in some dialects of Transylvania of Daco-Romanian and in the Balkan dialects.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    aic\u1ecb<\/strong>\u00a0(variant\u00a0aci,<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>Aromanian\u00a0<\/em>ao\u00e1, a\u0163ia \u2018<\/em>there\u2019) (adv.) \u2013 here.<\/p>\n

    Latin *eccum<\/em>–hic<\/em>\u00a0(Pu\u015fcariu, 12; Candrea-Densusianu, 8;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 4129). Panromanic. Similar forms are found in other Indo-European languages of different groups; cf. Umbrian\u00a0essu<\/em>, Oscan\u00a0eks<\/em>-,\u00a0uk<\/em>, Lithuanian\u00a0\u010dia<\/em>\u00a0\u2018here\u2019, and Sanskrit\u00a0iha<\/em>\u00a0\u2018here\u2019. The particle\u00a0a<\/em>– is a deictic prefix, as in other Romanian words (see\u00a0a<\/strong>\u00b3, acolo, acel<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

    Derivatives:\u00a0acilea<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 (cf.\u00a0acolea<\/em>).<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    a\u1ecbdoma<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(adv.) \u2013 1. same, identical; 2. real, indeed.<\/p>\n

    OCS\u00a0vidom\u016d<\/em>\u00a0\u2018visible\u2019 < OCS\u00a0videti \u2018<\/em>to see\u2019, which turned in Romanian into an adverb having added a prothetic\u00a0a<\/strong>\u00a0 (Cihac, 2, 2; Cioranescu, 149).<\/p>\n

    The Old Church Slavonic etymon invoked by Cihac is not attested (cf. Dja\u010denko).\u00a0 On the other hand, this hypothesis cannot explain the initial\u00a0a<\/em>. However, similar forms are found in Sanskrit and Lithuanian; cf. Sanskrit\u00a0avi\u0161<\/em>\u00a0\u2018open before one\u2019s eyes\u2019, Lithuanian\u00a0avytis<\/em>\u00a0\u2018which can be seen\u2019.<\/p>\n

    Obviously, all these froms are derivatives of the PIE *\u1ee5edi<\/strong>– \u201eto see, to perceive\u201d (IEW<\/em>, 1125) (see\u00a0vedea \u2018<\/strong>to see\u2019).<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    aiept\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0(vb., I) \u2013 1. to throw oneself forward; 2. to adjust, to smooth.<\/p>\n

    Vulgar Latin *aiectare<\/em>\u00a0from Latin\u00a0eiectare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to throw\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 42; Candrea-Densusianu, 27; Cioranescu, 151). Diculescu (Elementele<\/em>, 463) is dubious about this hypothesis and, instead he thinks that it derives from Greek\u00a0\u03b9\u03ac\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to throw\u2019. Diculescu\u2019s hypothesis seems to be more plausible, but the correct Greek form is\u03af\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9<\/em>, which according to Boisaque (364), derives from PIE *(ii<\/strong>)-iaq\u016d<\/strong>–io.<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>Boisaque considers it of obscure origin, a loanword in ancient Greek, and according to him is cognate to Latin\u00a0jacio<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to throw\u2019. It seems that the Greek verb is of Thracian or Illyrian origin, where PIE *k\u02b7<\/strong>\u00a0turned into a\u00a0p<\/em>\u00a0in these languages. (seecuptor<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018oven\u2019,\u00a0noapte \u2018<\/strong>night\u2019). With the second meaning, it seems to be a different verb all together. It seems to be of Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    ai\u1eb9vea<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0aevea<\/em>,\u00a0naevea<\/em>) (adv.) \u2013 1. real, which looks real; 2. truly, indeed.<\/p>\n

    OCS\u00a0javiti \u2018<\/em>to show, to present\u2019 (Cihac, 2, 153; Berneker, 34; Cioranescu, 152); cf. OCS\u00a0ave<\/em>\u00a0\u2018obvious\u2019 (Berneker, 2, 34) which seems to be a cognate to Romanian\u00a0<\/strong>aievea<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

    I have to mention that the etymon invoked by Cihac is not attested (cf. Blagova, Dja\u010denko). Cihac associates it with a a\u00a0<\/strong>ivi<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018o appear, to show\u2019. On the other hand, Romanian\u00a0<\/strong>aievea<\/strong>\u00a0has a cognate in Lithuanian\u00a0ovijus<\/em>,\u00a0ovitis<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to appear in a dream\u2019 (see\u00a0ivi<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    ai\u1ee5rea<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0al\u2019urea<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0l\u2019urea<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0al\u2019ure<\/em>) (adv.) \u2013 1. elsewhere, somewhere, far away; 2. randomly,\u00a0 which does not make sense.<\/p>\n

    Latin\u00a0aliubi<\/em>\u00a0\u2018other, another, someone else, something else\u2019 (Cre\u0163u, 305; Candrea-Densusianu, 29; Cioranescu, 155); cf. French\u00a0ailleurs<\/em>, Old Spanish\u00a0alubre<\/em>, Portuguese\u00a0alhur<\/em>.\u00a0 The meaning of Latin\u00a0aliubi<\/em>\u00a0is different and it makes difficult to be the etymon of Romanian\u00a0aiurea<\/strong>.\u00a0 Furthermore, it is not the right etymon for the Romance languages forms, but a Vulgar Latin *aliore<\/em>\u00a0(REW,<\/em>\u00a0347; Gamillscheg, 21), although Cioranescu (155) disagrees arguing that the etymon of Romanian\u00a0aiurea<\/strong>\u00a0is Latin *(<\/strong>vo<\/em>)let<\/em>, but his hypothesis does not make any sense.<\/p>\n

    Similar forms with the same meaning are found in some Geramnic languages; cf. Gothic\u00a0aljar<\/em>\u00a0\u2018elesewhere, somewhere\u2019, Old English\u00a0ellor<\/em>, Old Norse\u00a0ellior<\/em>\u2018elsewhere\u2019.<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Schmidt (1962, 70; cf. Lehmann, 28) argues that the Germanic forms derive from a Proto-Germanic *alj\u014dr<\/em>, which is (almost) identical to the Vulgar Latinaliore<\/em>which is considered to be the etymon of the Romance forms. In other words, the so-called Vulgar Latin form is rather a Pre-Roman etymon.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0a aiura<\/em>,\u00a0aiurit<\/em>,\u00a0aiureal\u0103<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      aj\u1ee5n<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0agiun<\/em>\u00a0\u201eto be hungry\u201d) (n., neut.) \u2013 1. the day before a certain event or before a certain period of time starts; 2. a day of fasting.<\/p>\n

      Vulgar Latin *aiunare<\/em>\u00a0<\/em><\u00a0ieiunum<\/em>\u00a0\u2018fast\u2019 (Meyer,\u00a0Alb. St<\/em>., 4, 88; Philippide, 2, 645). Cognates are found in Spanish\u00a0ayunar<\/em>, French\u00a0\u00e0 jeun<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0ajeun<\/em>), as well as Albanian\u00a0<\/em>agjenoj<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to fast\u2019. According to Corominas (1, 428), Spanish\u00a0ayuno<\/em>\u00a0derives from a Vulgar Latin *iaiunus<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      Walde-Hoffmann (1, 674) shows that Latin\u00a0ieiunum<\/em>\u00a0derives from PIE *edi<\/strong>–unos<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018deprived of food\u2019, or from *ieiu<\/strong>–s<\/strong>, *iaiu<\/strong>– \u2018hunger\u2019; cf. skt.\u00a0adjunah<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>\u201evorace, lacom\u201d. On the other hand, Glare (821) considers Latin\u00a0ieiunum<\/em>\u00a0of unknown origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0a ajuna<\/em>,\u00a0ajunare<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      aj\u1ee5nge<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0agiung<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0jung<\/em>) (vb., III) \u2013 1. to arrive; 2. catch up, to reach (a destination).<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0adiungere<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to join, to glue\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 50; Candrea-Densusianu, 33; Cioranescu, 158). Panromanic.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0<\/em>ajungere<\/em>,\u00a0ajuns<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ajut\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0agiut<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0jut<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0(a)jut<\/em>) (vb. I) \u2013 to help.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0adiutare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to help\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 51; Candrea-Densusianu, 33;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 171; Cioranescu, 160); cf. Italian\u00a0ajutare<\/em>, Provensal\u00a0ajudar<\/em>, Spanish\u00a0ayudar<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0ajutor<\/em>,\u00a0ajut\u0103tor<\/em>,\u00a0ajutare<\/em>,\u00a0a ajutora<\/em>,\u00a0ajutorare<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      al<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(art., masc.) \u2013 genitival article.<\/p>\n

      It is a compound form from the preposition\u00a0a<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>and the definite article\u00a0<\/em>l<\/strong>\u00a0<\u00a0(\u0103)l<\/em>.\u00a0<\/em>\u00a0It is used in genitive case. It is not the same with\u00a0\u0103l<\/strong>,\u00a0\u0103la<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018that\u2019 as all Romanian dictionaries and grammars maintain (see\u00a0\u0103l<\/strong>,\u00a0\u0103la<\/strong>,\u00a0acela<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0a<\/em>,\u00a0ai<\/em>,\u00a0ale<\/em>,\u00a0alor<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      al\u1ea1c<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(n., masc.) \u2013 wheat variety which grows in mountainous regions.<\/p>\n

      Hungarian\u00a0alakor<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019\u00a0<\/em>(Cihac, 2, 475; Densusianu,\u00a0Rom<\/em>. 33, 273; G\u00e1ldi, 140). Cihac believes that Hungarian\u00a0alakor<\/em>\u00a0derives from Latin\u00a0<\/em>alica<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, but he gives no other details. Cioranescu (166) considers it of obscure origin. Corominas (1, 75) derives Spanish\u00a0alaga<\/em>\u00a0from Latin *alaca<\/em>; cf. Albanian\u00a0lak\u00ebr \u2018<\/em>greenstuff\u2019. Romanian\u00a0alac<\/strong>\u00a0is a cognate of Spanish\u00a0alaga<\/em>, but they do not derive from the same Vulgar Latin form.<\/p>\n

      According to Walde (1, 29), Latin\u00a0alica<\/em>\u00a0derives from Greek\u00a0\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03be<\/em>\u00a0(gen.\u00a0\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>), with the same meaning. One reason that these authors do not consider Romanianalac<\/strong>\u00a0to be of Latin origin is the fact that intervocalic\u00a0<\/em>l<\/em>\u00a0did not undergo\u00a0 rhotacism, but there are other exceptions to this rule (see\u00a0b\u0103lan<\/strong>). Since the form is present in Greek, it may have existed in Thraco-Dacian as well.\u00a0 Despite of what Romanian linguists were saying Edelspacher (8) shows that Hungarian\u00a0<\/em>alakor<\/em>\u00a0derives from Romanain\u00a0alac<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      al\u1ea1i<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0alae<\/em>) (n., neut.) \u2013 pump, show.<\/p>\n

      Turkish\u00a0alay<\/em>\u00a0(\u015e\u0103ineanu, 2, 4; Roesler, 561, Cioranescu, 16); cf. Neo-Greek\u00a0\u00a0\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03b9<\/em>, Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian\u00a0alay<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      al\u1ea1m\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0malam\u0103<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>\u201egold\u201d) (n., fem.)\u00a0 \u2013 1. brass; 2. brass objects.<\/p>\n

      Neo-Greek\u00a0\u03bc\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03bc\u03b1<\/em>\u00a0\u2018gold\u2019 (Cioranescu, 171); cf. Albanian\u00a0malam\u00eb<\/em>\u00a0\u2018gold\u2019. The elision of initial\u00a0m<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>in Romanian is due the association of this form with\u00a0aram\u0103<\/strong>\u2018copper\u2019.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0a al\u0103mi<\/em>,\u00a0al\u0103mar<\/em>,\u00a0al\u0103m\u0103rie<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      aland\u1ea1la<\/strong>\u00a0(adv.) \u2013 1. wrong, upside down; 2. in disorder, mell-pell.<\/p>\n

      Neo-Greek\u00a0\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb<\/em>\u2019\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4<\/em>\u2019\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd<\/em>\u00a0\u2018one in the place of the other\u2019 (Philippine,\u00a0Principii<\/em>, 146;\u00a0DAR<\/em>; G\u00e1ldi,\u00a0Les<\/em>\u00a0mots<\/em>, 142; Cioranescu, 173).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      al\u1eb7turi<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variant\u00a0al\u0103turea<\/em>) (adv.) \u2013 beside, next to.<\/p>\n

      Latin *ad latera<\/em>\u00a0(REW<\/em>, 4934; Cioranescu, 175).<\/p>\n

      Latin *latera<\/em>\u00a0has no attestation, only\u00a0lateralis<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0latus \u2018<\/em>wide\u2019. There are no similar forms in other Romance languages. Therefore, we should consider it as a compound from\u00a0a<\/em>(d<\/em>) \u2018at\u2019\u00a0l\u0103turi<\/em>\u00a0(plural of\u00a0latur\u0103<\/strong>) (see\u00a0latur\u0103<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0a al\u0103tura<\/em>,\u00a0a \u00eenl\u0103tura<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      alb<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0albu<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0alb<\/em>) (adj.) \u2013 white.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0albus<\/em>\u00a0\u2018white\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 55; Candrea-Densusianu, 36;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 331; Cioranescu, 176). The root is attested also in some Dacian and Thracian place-names such as\u00a0Apulum<\/strong>\u00a0(see\u00a0Apulum<\/strong>) and personal names such as\u00a0Albos<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>(Proklou<\/em>) (Samsaris, in\u00a0Noi, Tracii<\/em>, 24, 1991). It it found in a number of other Indo-European languages: cf. Hittite\u00a0alpa<\/em>–as<\/em>\u00a0\u2018clouds\u2019,\u00a0ali<\/em>\u00a0\u2018white\u2019, Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03bb\u03c6\u03cc\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Umbrian\u00a0alfu \u2018<\/em>id\u2019, Welsh\u00a0elfydd<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, OHG\u00a0albiz<\/em>, Gallo-Roman\u00a0\u00a0Albion<\/em>\u00a0\u2018Brittania\u2019, Middle Irish\u00a0Albbu<\/em>\u00a0\u2018Brittania\u2019, Scottish Alba \u2018Scotland\u2019, Lithuanian\u00a0alvas<\/em>\u00a0\u2018white\u2019, all from\u00a0 PIE *albho<\/strong>– \u2018white\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 30). We may consider it of Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0\u00a0a albi<\/em>,\u00a0albea\u0163\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0albitur\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0albe\u0163e<\/em>,\u00a0albicios<\/em>,\u00a0albinos<\/em>,\u00a0albine\u0163<\/em>,\u00a0albi\u015for<\/em>,\u00a0a \u00een\u0103lbi<\/em>,\u00a0\u00een\u0103lbeal\u0103<\/em>\u00a0etc.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      alb\u1ea1stru<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0albastru<\/em>\u00a0\u2018grey\u2019) (adj.) \u2013 blue.<\/p>\n

      Latin *albaster<\/em>\u00a0<\/em><\u00a0albus \u2018<\/em>white\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 56; Candrea-Densusianu, 37;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 319; Cioranescu, 177). The hypothesis cannot be accepted since there is no attestation of the putative Latin etymon and there no cognates in other Romance languages. Romanina\u00a0albastru<\/strong>\u00a0is a derivative of\u00a0alb<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>which probably meant initially \u2018grey\u2019 as in today\u2019s Aromanian (see\u00a0alb<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0a alb\u0103stri<\/em>,\u00a0alb\u0103strea<\/em>,\u00a0alb\u0103streal\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0alb\u0103striu<\/em>,\u00a0a \u00een\u0103lb\u0103stri<\/em>\u00a0etc.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u1ea1lbie<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 (n., fem.)\u00a0 – 1. river bed, channel ; 2. (washing) trough, tub.<\/p>\n

      Latin *alvea<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>(Pu\u015fcariu, 58; Candrea-Densusianu, 43;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 320; Cioranescu, 178). Latin\u00a0alveus<\/em>\u00a0\u2018washing tub\u2019 > Spanish\u00a0alveo<\/em>\u00a0which is a masculine noun as in Latin, while Romanian\u00a0<\/strong>albie<\/strong>\u00a0is of feminine gender. There are no feminine cognates in other Romance languages. However, there are cognates in Scandinavian and Baltic languages; cf. Old Norse\u00a0alda<\/em>\u00a0\u2018wave\u2019, Norwegian (dial.)\u00a0olda<\/em>\u00a0\u2018trough\u2019, Old English\u00a0aldot<\/em>,\u00a0aldaht<\/em>\u00a0\u2018trough, tub, vat\u2019, Lithuanain\u00a0aldjia<\/em>\u00a0\u2018river bed\u2019, which are of feminine gender as Romanian\u00a0albie<\/strong>. All derive from\u00a0 from PIE *aldh<\/strong>– \u2018trough, tub\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 31). Romanian\u00a0albie<\/strong>\u00a0is closer, as meaning and form, to Lithuanianaldjia<\/em>; cf. Latin\u00a0alveus<\/em>\u00a0\u2018hollow, basket, bed\u2019.<\/p>\n

      In Thraco-Dacian, the (aspirated or non-aspirated) PIE voiced dental *d<\/strong>(h<\/strong>), preceded by a lateral (l<\/em>,\u00a0r<\/em>) turned into\u00a0b<\/em>\u00a0as in\u00a0vorb\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018word\u2019 (cf. Latin\u00a0verbum<\/em>) (seevorb\u0103<\/strong>). Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0albiu\u0163\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0albioar\u0103<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      alb\u1ecbn\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0alg\u2019in\u0103<\/em>) (n., fem.) \u2013 bee (Ophris cornuta<\/em>).<\/p>\n

      Latin *alvina<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0alveus<\/em>\u00a0\u2018hollow, basket, bed\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 59; Candrea-Densusianu, 48;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 389; Cioranescu, 179). The hypothesis cannot be accepted. First of all, the meaning of Romanian\u00a0albin\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0has nothing to do with Latin\u00a0alveus<\/em>\u00a0or *alvina<\/em>. On the other hand, Latin *alvina<\/em>\u00a0has no attestation and there are no other Romance forms to derive from this Vulgar Latin etymon.\u00a0 According to these authors, Romanian\u00a0albie<\/strong>\u00a0derives from the same Latin\u00a0alveus<\/em>\u00a0(see\u00a0albie<\/strong>) which does not make any sense. Latin\u00a0apis<\/em>\u00a0\u2018bee\u2019 is cognate of Romanian\u00a0<\/strong>albin\u0103<\/strong>, but this Romanian noun cannot derive from Latin\u00a0<\/em>apis<\/em>. They both, along with many other Indo-European languages forms, derive from PIE *bhei<\/strong>– \u2018bee\u201d, with the formants\u00a0\u00a0n<\/strong>,\u00a0k<\/strong>,\u00a0t<\/strong>\u00a0<\/em>(IEW<\/em>, 116). The root is preserved in many Indo-European languages; cf. OHG\u00a0bini<\/em>\u00a0\u201ebee\u201d, Albanian\u00a0blet\u00eb<\/em>\u00a0\u201eid\u201d, Lithuanian\u00a0bit\u00e9<\/em>\u00a0\u201eid\u201d, Old Prussian\u00a0bit\u00e9<\/em>\u00a0\u201eid\u2019, Old Irish\u00a0bech<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, OCS\u00a0bi\u010dela<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019.<\/p>\n

      On the other hand, Walde (1, 57) associates Latin\u00a0apis<\/em>\u00a0with Gallo-Roman\u00a0amella<\/em>\u00a0< *ampella<\/em>, Greek\u00a0\u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c2 \u2018<\/em>mosquito\u2019, Farsi\u00a0ang<\/em>\u00a0\u2018bee\u2019 and Basque\u00a0abia<\/em>\u2018mosquito, a biting insect\u2019. Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0albinar<\/em>,\u00a0albin\u0103rel \u2018<\/em>a bird\u2019,\u00a0albin\u0103rie<\/em>,\u00a0albin\u0103rit<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      alc\u0103tu\u1ecb<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(vb., IV) \u2013 to put together.<\/p>\n

      Hungarian\u00a0alkot<\/em>–ni<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to create, to procreate\u2019 (Cihac, 2, 475; Cioranescu, 183). The putative Hungarian etymon has a different meaning and therefore, it cannot be accepted.<\/p>\n

      On the other hand, Romanian\u00a0alc\u0103tui<\/strong>\u00a0seems to have a cognate in Sanskrit\u00a0\u0161lok<\/em>,\u00a0\u0161lokate<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to compose, to be composed\u2019. From the Romanian and Sanskrit forms one may reconstruct a PIE *olk<\/strong>–at<\/strong>– \u2018to put together, to gather\u2019. It seems to be of Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0alc\u0103tuire<\/em>,\u00a0alc\u0103tuial\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0alc\u0103tuitor<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u1ea1lde<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(art.)\u00a0\u2013<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>a indefinite article meaning \u2018of the kind of, people such as\u2019.<\/p>\n

      It is a compound form from the demonstrative pronoun\u00a0\u0103l<\/strong>\u00a0and the preposition\u00a0de<\/strong>\u00a0(cf. Cioranescu, 163) (see\u00a0\u0103l<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0de<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ale\u1ea1n<\/strong>\u00a0(adj., neut.) \u2013 1. longing, yearning; 2. nostalgia, melancholy; 3. suffering, sorrow, grief.<\/p>\n

      OCS\u00a0alin\u016d<\/em>\u00a0\u2018treacherous, perfidious\u2019 (Cihac, II, 2) or Hungarian\u00a0ell\u00e9n<\/em>\u00a0\u2018against\u2019 (Cioranescu, 1869).<\/p>\n

      None of these two hypotheses can be accepted. OCS\u00a0alin\u016d<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>is an adjecitve and it has a different meaning, while Hungarian\u00a0ell\u00e9n<\/em>\u00a0is a preposition while Romanianalean<\/strong>\u00a0is a noun, but Cioranescu disregards this detail.<\/p>\n

      I think that Romanian\u00a0alean<\/strong>\u00a0may be associated with PIE *leno<\/strong>– \u2018weak, soft\u2019; cf. Greek\u00a0\u00a0<\/em>\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to avoid, to shun\u2019, Gothic\u00a0af<\/em>–linnan<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to empty, to leave\u2019, Gothicbi-linnan<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to yield, to finish\u2019, Old Irish\u00a0linna<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to slow down\u2019, Middle Irish\u00a0lian<\/em>\u00a0\u2018soft\u2019.There are other related forms in Romanan (cf.\u00a0alina<\/strong>,\u00a0alinta<\/strong>,\u00a0<\/strong>lin<\/strong>). All derive from the same Proto-Indo-European root.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      al\u1eb9ge<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0<\/em>aleg<\/em>,\u00a0aleadzire<\/em>\u00a0(alep\u015fu<\/em>,\u00a0aleapt\u0103<\/em>)) (vb., III) – 1. to choose; 2. to select, to separate.<\/p>\n

      Latin *allegere<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>(Pu\u015fcariu, 60;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 364). This Vulgar Latin etymon has no attestation and there are no cognates in other Romance languages deriving from this putative etymon. Obviously, Romanian\u00a0alege<\/strong>\u00a0is related to Latin\u00a0eligere<\/em>\u00a0 \u2018choose, to select\u2019, but their relationship is not clear.<\/p>\n

      Romanian\u00a0\u00a0alege<\/strong>\u00a0and Latin\u00a0eligere<\/em>\u00a0derive from\u00a0 PIE *leg<\/strong>-,\u00a0leg<\/strong>\u2019- \u2018to gather\u2019; cf. Latin\u00a0lego<\/em>, –ere<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to gather, to select\u2019, Greek\u00a0\u00a0\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c9<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to gather, to count, to read\u2019, Albanian\u00a0mb<\/em>–leth<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to gather\u2019 (see\u00a0culege \u2018<\/strong>to gather\u2019).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0alegere<\/em>,\u00a0aleg\u0103tor<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      al\u1eb9i<\/strong>\u00a0(variant\u00a0alelei<\/em>, Aromanian\u00a0alai<\/em>) (interj.) \u2013 an exclamation (before an invocation) expressing anger, enthusiasm or regret.<\/p>\n

      Suidas says that\u00a0eleleu<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>was \u2018a war cry\u2019 (cf. Cioranescu, 189); cf. Bulgarian\u00a0olele<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      PIE *al\u0101 \u2018<\/strong>interjection used to attract someone\u2019s attention\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 29); cf. Sanskrit\u00a0alala<\/em>, Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac<\/em>,\u00a0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03af<\/em>\u00a0\u2018hoorah\u2019, Greek\u00a0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b0<\/em>\u00a0\u2018war cry, interjection expressing pain\u2019, Old English\u00a0hallo<\/em>,\u00a0halloo<\/em>\u00a0\u2018hello\u2019, Lithuanian\u00a0aluoti<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to cry hallo\u2019. Thrace-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      alerg\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0alag<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0lag<\/em>) (vb., I) \u2013 1. run, to rush; 2. to be busy.<\/p>\n

      Latin *allargare<\/em>\u00a0from\u00a0largus<\/em>\u00a0(Philippide, II, 539; Pu\u015fcariu, 61; Candrea-Densusianu, 952;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 352). Instead, Cioranescu (192) considers it of uncertain origin.\u00a0 The Latin etymon has no attestation and\u00a0largus<\/em>\u00a0\u2018wide\u2019 has a totally different meaning. There no cognates in the other Romanace languages.<\/p>\n

      On the other hand, Albanian\u00a0ljargon<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to leave, to separate\u2019 and\u00a0largo<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to move\u2019 seem to be cognates of Romanian\u00a0alerga<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

      The forms in both Romanian and Albanian seem to derive from PIE *leg<\/strong>– \u2018to run (about water),\u00a0 to leak, to melt\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 659); cf. Old Irish\u00a0legaim<\/em>\u00a0(I, sg.) \u2018to leak, to melt\u2019, Old Icelandic\u00a0lekr<\/em>\u00a0\u2018leak\u2019, MHG\u00a0lecken<\/em>\u00a0\u2018spring, river\u2019, Armenaina\u00a0li\u010d\u00a0 \u2018<\/em>swamp\u2019, Lithuanian\u00a0lekti \u2018<\/em>to\u00a0 run, to run away\u2019.<\/p>\n

      One may see that in the Romanian Balkan dialects\u00a0 the verb does not have\u00a0 the lateral\u00a0r<\/em>, as in most other Indo-European languages. Therefore, the original form was *alagare<\/em>, *alegare<\/em>,\u00a0 not *allargare<\/em>. Thraco-Illyrian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0alergare<\/em>,\u00a0alerg\u0103tor<\/em>,\u00a0alerg\u0103tur\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0alergat<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      alic\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0(variant\u00a0alic<\/em>, Aromanian\u00a0h\u0103liche<\/em>) (n., fem.)\u00a0 \u2013 pellet.<\/p>\n

      Neo-Greek\u00a0\u00a0\u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03ba\u03b9<\/em>\u00a0\u2018pebble\u2019 (DAR<\/em>; Cioranescu, 198); cf. Albanian\u00a0hali\u010d<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      alif\u1ecbe<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0alfie<\/em>) (n., fem.) \u2013 ointment, salve, unguent.<\/p>\n

      Neo-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c6\u03ae<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 (Roesler, 564; Cioranescu, 200).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      alin\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(vb., I) \u2013\u00a0<\/strong>1.\u00a0<\/strong>to temper, to mitigate, to allievate; 2. to appease, to soothe.<\/p>\n

      Latin *allenare<\/em>\u00a0<\/strong>(Pu\u015fcariu, 62; Candrea-Densusianu, 989; Rosetti, 1, 79).<\/p>\n

      The Latin etymon has no attestation, while Sardinian\u00a0allenare \u2018<\/em>to teach, to instrucrt, to train\u2019 is not a cognate since it has a totally different meaning. It is related tolin<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<\/strong>alinta<\/strong>, all from PIE *leno<\/strong>– \u2018weak, soft\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 667) (see\u00a0alinta<\/strong>,\u00a0lin<\/strong>). Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0alinare<\/em>,\u00a0alinat<\/em>,\u00a0alin\u0103tor<\/em>,\u00a0alin\u0103tur\u0103<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      alint\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(vb., I)\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 1. to caress, to fondle; 2. to spoil; 3. to frolic.<\/p>\n

      Latin *allentare<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0lenis<\/em>\u00a0\u2018soft, smooth, gentle, calm\u2019 (Candrea-Densusianu, 990) or from Latin\u00a0lentus \u2018<\/em>slow, flexible\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 64;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 257). Italian\u00a0allentare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to loosen, to relax\u2019 and Romanian\u00a0alinta<\/strong>\u00a0do not seem to derive from a common Vulgar Latin etymon. This verb is related to a\u00a0alina<\/strong>\u00a0from the same PIE root *leno<\/strong>– \u2018weak, soft\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 667) (see\u00a0alina<\/strong>,\u00a0lin<\/strong>,\u00a0lene<\/strong>,\u00a0lini\u015fte<\/strong>). Thabo-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0alint<\/em>,\u00a0alintare<\/em>,\u00a0alint\u0103tur\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0alint\u0103tor<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ali\u015fver\u1ecb\u015f<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0ali\u015fveri\u015fe<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0ali\u015fv\u0103ro\u015f<\/em>) (obs.) (n., neut.) \u2013 commerce, trade, business.<\/p>\n

      Turkish\u00a0ali\u015fveri\u015f<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0al\u0131s<\/em>\u00a0\u2018gift\u2019 and\u00a0ver\u0131s<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to take\u2019 (Roesler, 587; \u015e\u0103ineanu, 2, 17; Cioranescu, 209); cf. Neo-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9<\/em>, Albanian\u00a0alishverish<\/em>, Bulgarianali\u0161veri\u0161<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      alt<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0altu<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0ot<\/em>) (pron.) \u2013 other.<\/p>\n

      Latin *altru<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0alter<\/em>\u00a0\u2018other\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 67; Candrea-Densusianu., 48;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 382). Panromanic; cf. Sardianian\u00a0altu<\/em>\u00a0\u2018other\u2019. The root is found in other Indo-European languages; cf. Oscan\u00a0allo<\/em>,\u00a0altram<\/em>, Greek\u00a0\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0\u2018other\u2019, Welsh\u00a0aile<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Breton all \u2018id\u2019, Lithuanian\u00a0autra<\/em>\u00a0(adv.) \u2018secondly\u2019, Armenian\u00a0ail<\/em>\u00a0\u2018other\u2019. All these forms derive PIE *alio<\/strong>–s<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018other\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 25; Walde, 1, 30).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      alt\u1ea1r<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0altar<\/em>,\u00a0altare<\/em>) (n., neut.) \u2013 altar.<\/p>\n

      Latin *altarium<\/em>\u00a0 \u2018altar\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 68; Candrea-Densusianu, 49;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 381); Panromanic; cf. Albanian\u00a0liter<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019. From OCS\u00a0ol\u016dtar\u012d<\/em>\u00a0(Miklosich,\u00a0Slaw<\/em>.\u00a0Elem<\/em>., 33; Cihac, 2, 227; G\u00e1ldi, 148); cf. Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian, Russian, Czech, Hungarian\u00a0oltar<\/em>. The word entered in Proto-Romanian along with other terms regarding Christian belief. From Romanian it was borrowed into Old Church Slavonic and other neighboring languages.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      alt\u1ecb\u0163\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(n., fem.) \u2013 stream of ornaments on a traditional shirt or blouse.<\/p>\n

      Serbo-Croatian\u00a0latica<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>(Cihac, 2, 24; Hasdeu,\u00a0Etym<\/em>.) or Latin\u00a0altitia<\/em>\u00a0\u2018height\u2019 (Cioranescu, 219); cf. Italian\u00a0altezza<\/em>\u00a0\u2018height\u2019. Serbo-Croatian\u00a0latice<\/em>\u00a0displays the metathesis of the lateral, a phonological feature specific to Slavic languages. If Romanian would have borrowed it from Serbo-Croatian would have kept it as such. Therefore, Serbo-Croatian borrowed it from Romanian, not the other way around.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0altitia<\/em>\u00a0was rarely used. According to Cioranescu, the term is justifed by the fact that such an embroideries are found on the upper part of the sleeve of the traditional Romanian shirts. The term seems to be a derivative of Romanian from the root\u00a0<\/em>alt<\/em>– as in\u00a0\u00eenalt<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018high, tall\u2019 (see\u00a0\u00eenalt<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u1ea1ltfel<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(adv.) \u2013\u00a0<\/strong>1. in a different way; 2. otherwise.<\/p>\n

      It is a compound form from\u00a0alt<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018other\u2019 and\u00a0fel \u2018<\/strong>kind, type\u2019\u00a0<\/em>(see\u00a0alt<\/strong>,\u00a0fel<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      altm\u1ecbnteri<\/strong>\u00a0(variants\u00a0altminterea<\/em>,\u00a0altmintrelea<\/em>\u00a0etc) (adv.) \u2013 otherwise, in a different manner.<\/p>\n

      Latin *\u00a0alia\u00a0 mente<\/em>\u00a0(Cipariu,\u00a0Gramm.,<\/em>\u00a0II, 40; Hasdeu,\u00a0Etym<\/em>.; Pu\u015fcariu, 44; Pu\u015fcariu,\u00a0Dacor<\/em>., 3, 397; Candrea-Densusianu, 1133; Rosetti, 1, 114; Cioranescu, 220). The term is rather a derivative of Romanian from\u00a0alt<\/strong>\u00a0and the verbal root\u00a0mint-<\/em>\u00a0as in\u00a0minte<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018mind\u2019 and a\u00a0<\/strong>aminti \u2018<\/strong>to remember\u2019 (see\u00a0\u00a0alt<\/strong>,\u00a0minte<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      alto\u1ecb<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(vb., IV) \u2013 1. to graft;\u00a0 2. to beat, to hit (fig.).<\/p>\n

      Hungarian\u00a0oltv\u00e1ny<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to graft\u2019 (G\u00e1ldi, 83; Cioranescu, 221).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0a altoi<\/em>,\u00a0altoial\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0port<\/em>–altoi<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      alu\u1ea1t<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variants\u00a0alo\u0163el<\/em>,\u00a0al\u0103u\u0163el<\/em>, Aromanian\u00a0aluat<\/em>,\u00a0aloat<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0lu\u0163ol<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0aluot<\/em>) (n., neut.)\u00a0 \u2013 dough.<\/p>\n

      Latin *allevatum<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0allevare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to raise\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 69; Candrea-Densusianu, 1008;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 360).<\/p>\n

      The putative Latin etymon has no attestation and there are no cognates in any Romance languages. On the other hand, the Megleno-Romanian\u00a0lu\u0163ol<\/em>\u00a0cannot be explained by Latin *allevatum<\/em>. Romanain\u00a0aluat<\/strong>\u00a0seems to derive from PIE *lei<\/strong>– \u2018soft, sticky\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 662), with a formant in –t<\/strong>, *lei<\/strong>–t<\/strong>, prefixed with the preposition *ad<\/strong>; cf. Lithuanian\u00a0lyteti<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to touch, to spread\u2019, Latvian\u00a0l\u00e0it\u00eat<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to spread\u2019. Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      al\u1ee5n\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0alun\u0103<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0alure<\/em>) (n., fem.)\u00a0 \u2013 hazelnut (Corylus avellana<\/em>).<\/p>\n

      Lat. *abellona<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0abellana<\/em>\u00a0\u2018hazelnut\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 70; Candrea-Densusianu, 51;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 17); cf. Italian\u00a0avellana<\/em>, Spanish\u00a0avellana<\/em>, Catalan\u00a0vellana<\/em>, Provensal\u00a0aulona<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      They say that Latin\u00a0abellana<\/em>\u00a0derives from the place-name\u00a0Abella<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>(Italian\u00a0Avella<\/em>). Walde-Hoffmann (1, 3) shows that Old Latin form was (nux<\/em>)\u00a0aulena<\/em>\u00a0where intervocalic\u00a0u<\/em>\u00a0turned into\u00a0b<\/em>\u00a0in Classical Latin. This fact may shed some light on the fact that Latin intervocalic\u00a0b<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>(v<\/em>) has \u2018disappeared\u2019 in Romanian (see\u00a0cal<\/strong>\u2018horse\u2019). On the other hand, I have to mention that\u00a0b<\/em>\u00a0(v<\/em>) were not elided when they were present in Proto-Indo-European (see\u00a0\u00a0abur \u2018<\/strong>steam\u2019,\u00a0avea<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018to have\u2019 etc.).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0<\/em>alun<\/em>,\u00a0<\/em>aluni\u015f<\/em>,\u00a0aluni\u0163\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0alunel<\/em>,\u00a0alunar<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      alunec\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0(variant\u00a0<\/em>a luneca,<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>Aromanian\u00a0<\/em>alunic<\/em>) (vb., I) \u2013 to slide, to slip.<\/p>\n

      Latin *lubricare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to lubricate\u2019 <\u00a0lubricus<\/em>\u00a0\u2018slippery, deceitful\u2019 (Philippide,\u00a0Principii<\/em>, 98; Pu\u015fcariu, 997; Candrea-Densusianu, 1021; Pascu, 1, 38;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 5132; Cioranescu, 4944) or Latin *lunicare<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0luna<\/em>\u00a0\u2018moon\u2019 (Meyer,\u00a0Alb.<\/em>\u00a0St<\/em>., 4, 36). None of these two etymologies can be accepted. In the first case, the derivation is not possible, in the second the meaning of the putative etymon has nothing to do with the Romanian verb\u00a0aluneca<\/strong>\u00a0which derives from PIE *lei<\/strong>– \u2018slippery, greasy, to slide\u2019,\u00a0slimno<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018slippery\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 662), prefixed with the preposition *ad<\/strong>. Cognates are found in many different Indo-European languages; cf. Sanskrit\u00a0lindu<\/em>\u2018slippery\u2019, Latin\u00a0\u00a0<\/em>lino<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to soil\u2019, Old Irish\u00a0slemun \u2018<\/em>soft, slippery\u2019, Lithuanian\u00a0lendu<\/em>, li\u0161ti \u2018to slide\u2019. Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0alunecare<\/em>,\u00a0alunecos<\/em>,\u00a0alunecu\u015f<\/em>,\u00a0alunecat<\/em>,\u00a0alunec\u0103tur\u0103<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      alung\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(vb., I) \u2013\u00a0<\/strong>to chase (away).<\/p>\n

      Latin *allongare<\/em>\u00a0(Pu\u015fcariu, 71; Candrea-Densusianu, 1024;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 1853; Cioranescu, 234). The Latin etymon does not exist and there are not any cognates in other Romanace languages.<\/p>\n

      Romanian\u00a0alunga<\/strong>\u00a0seems to be cognate with Latin\u00a0abigo \u2018<\/em>to chase\u2019, as well as same as Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03c9<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to chase\u2019 and Sanskrit\u00a0apa<\/em>–ajati \u2018<\/em>to chase\u2019, which are compound forms from PIE *apo<\/strong>– \u2018behind, after\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 53) and PIE *ago<\/strong>– \u2018to drive\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 4), therefore a *apo-ago<\/em>\u00a0> *apago<\/em>. The evolution of Romanian\u00a0 aalunga<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>is not clear, but it seems it is the result of a contamination with\u00a0<\/strong>lung<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018long\u2019 or other unknown word. The whole evolution is not clear. It seems to be of Thrace-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0alungare<\/em>,\u00a0alung\u0103tor<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      am\u1ea1n<\/strong>\u00a0(interj.) (obs.) \u2013 mercy!, woe!<\/p>\n

      Turkish\u00a0aman<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 < Arab\u00a0\u0101man<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 (\u015e\u0103ineanu, II, 18; Cioranescu, 228); cf. Albanian, Bulgarian\u00a0aman<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019. French\u00a0aman<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>and Spanish\u00a0am\u00e1n<\/em>\u00a0are loanwords from Arabic (cf. Cioranescu).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      aman\u1eb9t<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0am\u00e2nete<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0amanet<\/em>) (n., neut.) \u2013 warranty, pawn.<\/p>\n

      Turkish\u00a0amanet < emanet<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 (Roesler, 587; \u015e\u0103ineanu, II, 19; Cioranescu, 230); cf. Neo-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03c4\u03b9<\/em>, Albanian, Bulgarian, Serbian\u00a0amanet<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>\u2018id\u2019.<\/p>\n

      Derivative:\u00a0a amaneta<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      am\u1ea1r<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0amar<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0(an)mar<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0am\u00e5r<\/em>) (adj.) \u2013 1. bitter; 2. trouble, suffering.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0amarus<\/em>\u00a0\u2018bitter\u2019\u00a0<\/em>(Pu\u015fcariu, 73; Candrea-Densusianu, 53;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 406; Cioranescu, 233); cf. Italian\u00a0amaro<\/em>, French\u00a0amer<\/em>, Spanish\u00a0amargo<\/em>, Vegliote\u00a0amnar<\/em>\u00a0as well as Middle Irish\u00a0amar \u2018<\/em>trouble, suffering\u2019 which may be a loanword from Latin. It seems to be of Latin origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0a am\u0103r\u00ee<\/em>,\u00a0am\u0103r\u00e2ciune<\/em>,\u00a0am\u0103r\u00e2t<\/em>\u00a0etc.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      am\u0103g\u1ecb<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0amaie<\/em>\u00a0\u201ewitchcraft\u201d) (vb., IV) \u2013 1. to cheat; 2. to tempt.<\/p>\n

      Greek\u00a0\u03bc\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03cd\u03c9<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to bewitch, to enchant\u2019 (Hasdeu,\u00a0Etym<\/em>.; Diculescu,\u00a0Elem<\/em>., 474; Rosetti, 2, 66; Cioranescu, 227).<\/p>\n

      Boisacq (597) shows that\u00a0\u03bc\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03b9<\/em>\u00a0\u2018magi\u2019 as well as\u00a0\u03bc\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03cd\u03c9<\/em>\u00a0derive from Old Persian\u00a0magu\u0161<\/em>. The Magi were the caste of priests in ancient Media (cf. Herodotus, 1,101).<\/p>\n

      The initial\u00a0<\/strong>a<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>of the Romanian verb cannot be explained if it would be a loanword from Greek. However, it has a cognate in the\u00a0 Sardinian (Logudorian dialect)ammajare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to bewitch\u2019. There is no Latin equivalent or any other Romance language. In Romanian and Sardinian are of pre-Roman origin, from the same root as the Old Persian\u00a0magu\u0161<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>is coming from.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0am\u0103gire<\/em>,\u00a0am\u0103geal\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0am\u0103gitor<\/em>,\u00a0am\u0103git<\/em>,\u00a0a dezam\u0103gi<\/em>,\u00a0dezam\u0103gire<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      am\u0103n\u1ee5nt<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(n., neut.) \u2013\u00a0<\/strong>detail.<\/p>\n

      A derivative of\u00a0m\u0103runt \u2018<\/strong>small\u2019, prefixed with\u00a0a<\/em>\u00a0(cf. Cioranescu, 232) (see\u00a0m\u0103runt<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0a am\u0103nun\u0163i<\/em>,\u00a0am\u0103nun\u0163it<\/em>,\u00a0am\u0103nun\u0163ime<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      am\u00e2n\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0am\u00e2n<\/em>) (vb., I) \u2013 1. to postpone, to delay; 2. to adjourn.<\/p>\n

      Latin *ad mane<\/em>\u00a0(Pu\u015fcariu, 79;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 2924; Cioranescu, 249). The putative Latin etymon is not a verb, but an adverb which eventually turned into a verb and second, there are\u00a0 no cogantes in any of the Romance languages. However, there is a cognate in Albanian\u00a0m\u00ebnoj<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to postpone, to delay\u2019, overlooked by all these authors. Both of them derive from PIE *men<\/strong>– \u2018to remain, to stay, to stop, to cease\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 729) (see\u00a0<\/strong>r\u0103m\u00e2ne<\/strong>). Thraco-Illyrian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0am\u00e2nare<\/em>,\u00a0am\u00e2nat<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      am\u00e2nd\u1ecdi<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian, Istro-Romanian\u00a0<\/em>am\u00e2ndoi<\/em>) (pron.) \u2013 both.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0ambo duo<\/em>\u00a0> *ambo dui<\/em>\u00a0(Pu\u015fcariu, 80;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 411; Cioranescu, 250). There are cognates in a few Romance languages: cf. Romansch\u00a0amenduos<\/em>, Provensalamdui<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      Romanian\u00a0am\u00e2ndoi<\/strong>\u00a0is rather\u00a0 a derivative of Romanian language, especially the numaral\u00a0doi<\/strong>\u00a0cannot derive from Latin\u00a0duo<\/em>, but from a similar Pre-Roman form (see\u00a0doi \u2018<\/strong>two\u2019).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      amenin\u0163\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(vb., I) \u2013 to threaten.<\/p>\n

      Latin *amminaciare<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0minaciae<\/em>\u00a0\u2018threat\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 77;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 5584; Cioranescu, 242). There are cognates in a number of Romance languages; cf. Italianminacciare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to threate\u2019, Provensal, Catalan\u00a0menassar<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, French\u00a0menacer<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Spanish\u00a0amenazar<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, as well as Albanian\u00a0m\u00ebnir\u00eb<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to threaten\u2019 which does not seem to be of Latin origin.<\/p>\n

      De Mauro-Mancini (1250) argues that Latin *minaciare<\/em>\u00a0is the etymon of Italian\u00a0minacciare<\/em>, while Spanish\u00a0amenazar<\/em>, according to Corominas, derives from Latin\u00a0 *minacia<\/em>. In other words, Vulgar Latin offers a number of different forms which, ultimately, can be associated with\u00a0 PIE *men<\/strong>– \u2018to step on, to press, to hit, to push\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 726).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0amenin\u0163are<\/em>,\u00a0amenin\u0163at<\/em>,\u00a0amenin\u0163\u0103tor<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      amestec\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0ameastic<\/em>) (vb, I) \u2013 1. to mix; 2. to mix up; 3. to blend in.<\/p>\n

      Latin *ammixticare <<\/em>\u00a0mixtus<\/em>\u00a0\u2018mixture\u2019 (Candrea-Densusianu, 1086; Pascu, I, 115;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 5617; Cioranescu, 244). Latin\u00a0mixtus<\/em>\u00a0is a derivative of\u00a0misceo<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to mix\u2019. In fact, Romanian\u00a0amesteca<\/strong>\u00a0should be considered a derivative of\u00a0mesteca<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018to chew\u2019, prefixed with\u00a0a<\/em>, which is a cognate of Latin\u00a0masticare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to chew\u2019 (seemesteca<\/strong>). There are cognates in most Indo-European groups; cf. Sanskrit\u00a0mek\u015fayati<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to mix, to shake\u2019, Avestan\u00a0mi\u0161ra<\/em>,\u00a0mina\u0161ti<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to mix\u2019, Greek\u00a0\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03c9<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Middle Irish\u00a0mescaid<\/em>\u00a0 \u2018id\u2019, Welsh\u00a0mysgu<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, OHG\u00a0<\/em>miskan<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Lithuanian\u00a0mie\u0161iu<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Lithuanian\u00a0mi\u0161toke<\/em>\u00a0\u2018churn, mixer\u2019, Old Bulgarian\u00a0me\u0161o<\/em>,\u00a0me\u0161iti<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to mix\u2019, all from PIE *mei<\/strong>–k<\/strong>–\u00a0<\/strong>\u2018to mix\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 714), with the formants *meisko<\/strong>– \u015fi\u00a0meikro<\/strong>-, in various Indo-European languages.<\/p>\n

      Dirvatives:\u00a0amestecat<\/em>,\u00a0amestec\u0103tor, amestec\u0103tur\u0103<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ame\u0163\u1ecb<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(vb, IV) \u2013 1. to become dizzy; 2. to be a little drunk or dizzy.<\/p>\n

      Latin *ammatiare<\/em>\u00a0< *mattus<\/em>\u00a0( (Pu\u015fcariu,\u00a0ZRPh<\/em>., 32, 717) or Latin *ammateare<\/em>\u00a0< *mattea<\/em>\u00a0\u2018stick, club\u2019 (Cioranescu, 245). The Latin \u201cetymons\u201d do not exist and there are no cognates in Romance languages. On the other hand, the meaning of the putative Latin etymons are different. Cioranescu associates\u00a0ame\u0163i<\/strong>\u00a0with Italianammazzare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to kill\u2019 and Italian\u00a0\u00a0matto<\/em>\u00a0\u2018mad, crazy\u2019, but the Italian forms have\u00a0 also, different meanings. However, this Romanian verb is a cognate of Greek\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03cd\u03c9<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to be drunk, to be dizzy\u2019, as well as\u00a0\u00a0\u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03b7<\/em>\u00a0\u2018drunkness\u2019. Chantraine (676) associates these Greek forms with\u00a0\u03bc\u03ad\u03b4\u03c5<\/em>\u00a0\u2018mead, wine\u2019; cf. Romanian\u00a0mied<\/strong>\u2018mead\u2019.<\/p>\n

      All these forms derive from PIE *medhu<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018honey, mead\u2019 (IEW<\/em>\u00a0(707) (see\u00a0mied<\/strong>,\u00a0bezmetic<\/strong>,\u00a0dezmetici<\/strong>). Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0ame\u0163eal\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0ame\u0163ire<\/em>,\u00a0ame\u0163it<\/em>,\u00a0ame\u0163itor<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ami\u1ea1z\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variants\u00a0amiazi<\/em>,\u00a0n\u0103miaz\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0n\u0103miezi,<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>Aromanian\u00a0<\/em>n\u2019eadz\u0103-dzuu\u0103<\/em>) (n., fem.) \u2013 noon, middle of the day.<\/p>\n

      Latin *medi<\/em>–die<\/em>\u00a0(Cioranescu, 246); The Latin etymon has no attestation and there are no real cognates in Romance languages. However, there are similar forms in both Latin and some of the the Romance languages; cf. Latin\u00a0meridies<\/em>\u00a0> Italian\u00a0meriggio<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      Latin *medi<\/em>–die<\/em>\u00a0would have given in Romanian *miez-zi<\/em>\u00a0or\u00a0miaz\u0103<\/em>–zi<\/em>, but\u00a0miaz\u0103-zi<\/em>\u00a0\u2018south\u2019 has a totally different meaning. On the other hand, the initial\u00a0a<\/em>\u00a0is specific to Romanian. Romanian\u00a0amiaz\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0is an compound form from\u00a0miez<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018middle, inner core, essence\u2019 < PIE *medhi<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018middle\u2019 (IEW, 706) prefixed by preposition *ad<\/em>. PIE *d<\/strong>(h<\/strong>) turned into\u00a0z<\/em>, in Thraco-Dacian when followed by a front vowel (see Introduction). The same transformation is attested in some Thraco-Illyrian names from the last centuries of the 1st millenium BC, such\u00a0Saba<\/em>–zios<\/em>,\u00a0Menzana<\/em>,\u00a0Mieza<\/em>\u00a0(see\u00a0miez<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      am\u1ecbn<\/strong>\u00a0(interj.) \u2013 amen.<\/p>\n

      Medio-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03bc\u03ae\u03bd<\/em>\u00a0(Cioranescu, 248); cf. OCS\u00a0amin\u016d<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      am\u1ecbnte<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0aminte<\/em>) (n., fem.) \u2013 remembering, recollection.<\/p>\n

      It is a compound form from\u00a0a<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0minte \u2018<\/strong>mind\u2019\u00a0\u00a0<\/em>< *ad<\/em>–minte<\/em>. There are no similar forms in Latin or Romnace languages. However, it has a close cognate in Lithuanian\u00a0\u00a0atminti<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to remember, memory\u2019; cf. Old Prussian\u00a0mintimai<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to lie\u2019 (I, pl.).<\/p>\n

      All these forms derive from PIE *men<\/strong>– \u2018to think\u2019, with nominal forms *menti<\/strong>, *mentu<\/strong>, *m\u0146ti<\/strong>, *m\u0146to<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018mind, thinking\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 726). Pre-Romanic origin (seeminte<\/strong>,\u00a0<\/strong>min\u0163i<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0a<\/em>(-\u015fi<\/em>)\u00a0aminti<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to remember, to remind\u2019,\u00a0amintire<\/em>\u00a0\u2018memory\u2019.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      amn\u1ea1r<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0m\u00e2near<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>\u2018flint steel\u2019)\u00a0 (n., neut.) \u2013 flint steel, tinder box.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0manuarius<\/em>\u00a0\u2018manual\u2019 <\u00a0manus<\/em>\u00a0\u2018hand\u2019\u00a0<\/em>(Pu\u015fcariu, 8;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 5332) or Latin *ignarium<\/em>\u00a0(Philippide,\u00a0Principii<\/em>, 46). Densusianu (Rom<\/em>., 33, 274) thinks that it is a derivative of\u00a0m\u00e2n\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018hand\u2019.<\/p>\n

      Philippide\u2019s hypothesis is partially correct, although Latin *ignarium<\/em>\u00a0has no attestation and there are not any cognates in the Romance languages. In fact *ignarium<\/em>\u00a0would give in Romanian *imnar<\/em>, not\u00a0amnar<\/strong>. It rather derives from an older *ognari<\/em>–s<\/em>, itself from PIE *egnis<\/strong>, *ognis<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018fire\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 293); cf. Sanskritagni<\/em>\u00a0\u2018fire\u2019, Latin\u00a0ignis<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Lithuanian\u00a0<\/em>ugnis<\/em>\u00a0\u201eid\u201d, etc. T. Papahagi (696) thinks that Aromanian\u00a0m\u00e2near<\/em>\u00a0derives from Latin\u00a0manualis<\/em>. In fact, it represents a contamination with\u00a0m\u00e2n\u0103<\/strong>. Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivative:\u00a0amn\u0103ru\u015f<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      amor\u0163\u1ecb<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0amur\u0163\u0103scu<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0amur\u0163o\u015f<\/em>) (vb., IV) \u2013 1. to become numb; 2. to hibernate.<\/p>\n

      Latin *ammortire<\/em>\u00a0(Pu\u015fcariu, 83; Candrea-Densusianu, 1178;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 186; Meyer,\u00a0Alb. St<\/em>., 4, 86); The Latin etymon has no attestation, although there are some similar forms in Romance languages, but they have different meanings; cf. Italian\u00a0ammortire<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to weaken, to break\u2019, Provensal, French\u00a0amortir<\/em>. This verb seems to be a derivative of Romanian from\u00a0<\/em>mort<\/em>\u00a0\u2018dead\u2019, prefixed with\u00a0a<\/em>\u00a0(see\u00a0<\/strong>muri \u2018<\/strong>to die\u2019).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0amor\u0163ire<\/em>,\u00a0amor\u0163it<\/em>,\u00a0amor\u0163eal\u0103<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      am\u1ee5rg<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0amurg<\/em>) (n., neut.)\u00a0 \u2013 sunset, crepuscule.<\/p>\n

      A derivative of\u00a0murg \u2018<\/strong>dark bay, dark bay horse\u2019\u00a0<\/em>prefixed by\u00a0a<\/em>. Thraco-Illyrian origin (see\u00a0murg<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0a amurgi<\/em>,\u00a0amurgeal\u0103<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      amv\u1ecdn<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0amvun<\/em>) (n., neut.) \u2013 pulpit.<\/p>\n

      Medio-Greek\u00a0\u03ac\u03bc\u03b2\u03c9\u03bd<\/em>\u00a0(Cioranescu, 259).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      amu\u0163\u1ecb<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0amu\u0163\u0103scu<\/em>) (vb., IV) \u2013 to become mute, to become silent.<\/p>\n

      Latin *ammutire<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>(Pu\u015fcariu, 86; Candrea-Densusianu, 1191; Cioranescu, 257). There are no similar forms in other Romance languages. It is derivative of Romanian from\u00a0mut \u2018<\/strong>mute\u2019 (see\u00a0mut<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0amu\u0163ire<\/em>,\u00a0amu\u0163eal\u0103<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      an<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0an<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0on<\/em>) (n., masc.) \u2013 year.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0annus<\/em>\u00a0\u2018year\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 88; Candrea-Densusianu, 58;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 487; Cioranescu, 260). Panromanic.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0annus<\/em>\u00a0derives from PIE *en<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018year\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 314); cf. Greek\u00a0\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2\u2019id\u2019<\/em>, Gothic\u00a0athnan<\/em>\u00a0(dat. pl.), Oscan\u00a0akenei<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>< *at<\/em>–nei<\/em>, Lithuanian\u00a0per<\/em>–n<\/em>–ai<\/em>\u00a0\u2018last year\u2019, Latvianperns<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 (cf. Latin\u00a0per<\/em>–ennis<\/em>).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      an\u1ea1fur\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variant\u00a0nafur\u0103<\/em>, Aromanian\u00a0anafur\u0103<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0naf\u0103r\u0103<\/em>) (n., fem.) \u2013 wafer, Eucharist bread.<\/p>\n

      Medio-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac<\/em>\u00a0(Murnu, 4; Cioranescu, 263).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      anahor\u1eb9t<\/strong>\u00a0(n., masc.) \u2013 hermit.<\/p>\n

      Medio-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/em>\u00a0\u201eto distance oneself\u201d (Cioranescu, 273); cf. French\u00a0anachor\u00e8te<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      Derivative:\u00a0anahoretic<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      an\u1ea1nghie<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0ananghie<\/em>)\u00a0<\/strong>(n., fem.)\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 hardship, predicament.<\/p>\n

      Neo-Greek\u00a0\u00a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03ba\u03b7<\/em>\u00a0(G\u00e1ldi, 146; Cioranescu, 264).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      an\u1ea1poda<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0anapu\u03b4a<\/em>) \u2013 1. crosspatched, crossgrained; 2. upside down.<\/p>\n

      Neo-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b1<\/em>\u00a0(Roesler, 564, G\u00e1ldi, 146; Cioranescu, 265).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      anas\u1eadna<\/strong>\u00a0(obs.) \u2013 by force, under compulsion.<\/p>\n

      Turkish\u00a0anas\u0131n\u0131<\/em>\u00a0\u2018mater eius\u2019 (DAR<\/em>; Cioranescu, 267). It is used only\u00a0 in the expression\u00a0cu<\/em>\u00a0anas\u00e2na<\/em>\u00a0\u2018by force\u2019.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      anas\u1ecdn<\/strong>\u00a0(n., masc.) \u2013 anise (Pimpinella anisum<\/em>).<\/p>\n

      Turkish\u00a0anason<\/em>\u00a0< Medio-Greek\u00a0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd<\/em>\u00a0(Roesler, 584; \u015e\u0103ineanu, II, 20; Cioranescu, 268); cf. Bulgarian, Serbian\u00a0anason<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      anat\u1eb9m\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0anatima<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0natima<\/em>) (n., fem.) \u2013 anathema.<\/p>\n

      Medio-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1<\/em>\u00a0(Murnu, 4; Cioranescu, 270).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0a anatemiza<\/em>,\u00a0anatemizare<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      angar\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0ang\u0103rie<\/em>) (obs.) (n., fem.) \u2013 1. gratuitous service, compulsory service (hist.); 2. taxes, financial obligations.<\/p>\n

      Medio-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1<\/em>\u00a0(Meyer, 12; Cioranescu, 281); cf. Albanian\u00a0ngherij<\/em>, Bulgarian\u00a0angarija<\/em>, Polish\u00a0angarya<\/em>, Turkish\u00a0angarya<\/em>, Italian\u00a0angheria<\/em>, Frenchangarie<\/em>, Spanish\u00a0angaria<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      andre\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variants\u00a0<\/em>undrea<\/em>,\u00a0\u00eendrea<\/em>) (n., fem.) \u2013 knitting needle.<\/p>\n

      Cioranescu (9060) thinks that it is variant of\u00a0undrea<\/strong>, a derivative of\u00a0\u00eendrea<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018December\u2019\u00a0 from\u00a0Andreas<\/em>\u00a0\u2018Saint Andrew\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 832; Tiktin; Cioranescu, 4397), but it has the stress on the first syllable, while \u00eendrea \u2018knitting needle\u2019 has the stress on the last syllable, but Cioranesci ignore these details; cf. AromanianAndrelu\u015fu<\/em>,\u00a0Andreu<\/em>\u00a0\u2018December\u2019. Romanian\u00a0andrea<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0undrea<\/strong>\u00a0have nothing to do with\u00a0\u00a0\u00eendrea<\/strong>\u00a0as the name of Saint Andrew, respectively. According to Reichenkron, Romanian\u00a0\u00a0andrea<\/strong>\u00a0derives from PIE *ardh<\/strong>– \u2018stake\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 63), a hypothesis rejected by Poghirc\u00a0 (\u201cO nou\u0103 teorie…?\u201d,\u00a0Limba rom\u00e2n\u0103<\/em>, 15, 5, 1967) and he argues that it derives from PIE *andher<\/strong>– \u2018sharp tip, rod\u2019 (IEW, 41) (see\u00a0undrea<\/strong>). He seems to be correct. Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      anghin\u1ea1r\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variant\u00a0<\/em>anghinare<\/em>) (n., fem.) \u2013 artichoke.<\/p>\n

      Perhaps from Neo-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac\u03c1\u03b1<\/em>\u00a0(G\u00e1ldi, 148; Cioranescu, 285); cf. Albanian\u00a0hinar\u00eb<\/em>, Bulgarian\u00a0anginar<\/em>, Turkish\u00a0enginar<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      anin\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0alin<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to go up, to climb\u2019) (vb., I) \u2013 to hang, to hang up.<\/p>\n

      Latin *anninare<\/em>\u00a0de la *ninna<\/em>\u00a0\u2018swing\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 89;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 5817; Cioranescu, 291); cf. Provensal\u00a0nina<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to sleep\u2019 (cf. Cioranescu). Neither Latin *anninare<\/em>, nor *ninna<\/em>\u00a0are attested which were reconstructed from Provensal\u00a0nina<\/em>, a cognate of\u00a0 Romanian\u00a0nani<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018sleep\u2019 (in children\u2019s talk). On the other hand, these authors ignored Aromanian\u00a0alin<\/em>\u00a0which contradicts their hypothesis.<\/p>\n

      Romanian\u00a0anina<\/strong>\u00a0seems to derive from PIE *ar<\/strong>– \u2018to divide, to hang, to go up\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 61); cf. Hittite\u00a0arnumi<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to bring\u2019, Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to go up, to reach out, to touch\u2019, Armenian\u00a0arnum<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to take\u2019. From this root derives Romanian\u00a0<\/strong>at\u00e2rna<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018to hang (up)\u2019 as well. Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0aninare<\/em>,\u00a0anin\u0103toare<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      an\u1ecdst<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0anustu<\/em>) (adj.) \u2013 colorless, insipid, boring.<\/p>\n

      Neo-Greek\u00a0\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0(G\u00e1ldi,\u00a0Les mots<\/em>, 148; Cioranescu, 293).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ant\u1eb7r\u0163<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(adv.) (obs.) \u2013 two years ago.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0anno tertio<\/em>\u00a0(DAR<\/em>; Cioranescu, 295) (see\u00a0an<\/strong>,\u00a0<\/strong>ter\u0163iu<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      anter\u1ecbu<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0antiriu<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0antiriia<\/em>) (obs.) (n., neut.)\u00a0 \u2013 1. a pompous robe of the aristocracy; 2. surplice.<\/p>\n

      Turkish\u00a0antari<\/em>\u00a0< Arabic\u00a0antari<\/em>\u00a0(\u015e\u0103ineanu, II20; Meyer, 11; Cioranescu, 298); cf. Neo-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03bd<\/em>, Albanian\u00a0anderi<\/em>, Bulgarian, Serbian\u00a0<\/em>anterija<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      aol\u1eb9u<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variant\u00a0aoleo<\/em>) (interj.) \u2013 ah!, oh dear!, oh my!<\/p>\n

      It is a contamiantion between\u00a0au<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018ouch\u2019 and\u00a0v\u0103leu<\/strong>. Romanian\u00a0v\u0103leu<\/strong>\u00a0can be traced to PIE *\u016dai<\/strong>–lo<\/strong>–s<\/strong>, a derivative of PIE *\u016dai<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\u2018woe\u2019 (IEW<\/em>\u00a0(1110) (see\u00a0vai<\/strong>,\u00a0v\u0103leu<\/strong>). Pre-Roman origin.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ap\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0ap\u0103<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0ap\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0apu<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0ape<\/em>) (n., fem.) \u2013 1. water; 2. body of water.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0aq\u016da<\/em>\u00a0\u2018water\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 91; Candrea-Densusianu, 62;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 570; Cioranescu, 316); cf. Italian\u00a0aqua<\/em>, Spanish\u00a0agua<\/em>, Portuguese\u00a0agoa<\/em>, Sardinian\u00a0abba<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0aqua<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>derives from PIE *ak\u02b7a \u2018<\/strong>water, stream\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 23); cf. Gothic\u00a0ahwa<\/em>,\u00a0 Sanskrit\u00a0ap<\/em>-,\u00a0apa<\/em>, Avestan\u00a0ap<\/em>, Hittite\u00a0\u016dappe<\/em>, OHG\u00a0affa<\/em>. There are many body of water names and place names in ancient Thraco-Illyrian, Italic and Celtic areas formed with the root\u00a0 –apa<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>(see Vinereanu, 2002, 52); cf.\u00a0Zaldapa<\/em>\u00a0\u2018a place in Scythia Minor\u2019 (today\u2019s Dobrogea region, Romania),\u00a0Salapia<\/em>\u00a0\u2018a city in Apulia\u2019. In Gaul and Brittania;\u00a0Geld<\/em>–apa<\/em>,\u00a0Arn<\/em>–apa<\/em>,\u00a0Len<\/em>–apa<\/em>,\u00a0Ol<\/em>–epa<\/em>,\u00a0Man<\/em>–apia<\/em>,\u00a0Appa<\/em>,Apava<\/em>. In Pannonia,\u00a0Apeva<\/em>\u00a0(cf. Holder, vol. 1). In Greece:\u00a0\u0391\u03c0\u03b9\u03b1,<\/em>\u00a0\u0399\u03bd\u03c9\u03c0, \u0391\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd<\/em>\u00a0\u2018locality in Arcadia\u2019 (Steph. Byz.),\u00a0\u0391\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0\u2018locality in Tessalia\u2019,\u00a0\u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0\u2018river in Acarnania\u2019 (Tucydides, 2, 82), as well as in Sicily (Tucydides, 6, 96, 3; 7, 78, 3; Diodor din Sicilia, 15, 13, 5, Tit. Liv. 24, 36, 2)\u00a0Apsus<\/em>\u00a0\u2018river in southern Illyria\u2019 (see Krahe,\u00a0ZONF<\/em>, 20, 1931),\u00a0Apila<\/em>\u00a0\u2018small river in eastern Macedonia\u2019,\u00a0Colapis \u2018<\/em>river in southern Pannonia\u2019, today\u00a0Kulpa<\/em>\u00a0(see Strabon, 4, 207, 7, 314), in Dio Cassius (49, 37)\u00a0Colapius<\/em>, as well as tribe name\u00a0Colapiani<\/em>\u00a0(Pliniu, 3, 147), the Pannonian tribe of\u00a0Sirapilli<\/em>\u00a0(Plinius, 3, 147), as well as\u00a0\u039c\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c0\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u2018mountains in Beotia and Thracia\u2019 and finally\u00a0Messapion<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0Messapi<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      I mention that Walde-Pokorny (1) reconstructs also PIE *ab<\/strong>– \u2018water, body of water\u2019 as well as PIE *ap<\/strong>– (IEW<\/em>, 29), although Romanian\u00a0ap\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0may derive from PIE *aq\u02b7a<\/strong>\u00a0since in Thraco-Dacian and Romanian PIE *k\u02b7<\/strong>\u00a0turned consistantly into a\u00a0p<\/strong>\u00a0<\/em>when it was followed by a back vowel (see Introduction). Thraco-Illyrian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0apar<\/em>,\u00a0ap\u0103raie<\/em>,\u00a0ap\u0103tos, apos, ap\u015foar\u0103,<\/em>\u00a0etc.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ap\u0103r\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0ap\u0103r<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0op\u0103r<\/em>) (vb., I) \u2013 to protect, to defend.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0apparare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to be ready, to prepare for\u2019\u00a0 < *ad<\/em>–parare<\/em>\u00a0(Pu\u015fcariu, 93; Candrea-Densusianu, 63;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 534; Cioranescu, 318). There are similar Romance forms; cf. Italian\u00a0apparare<\/em>, Provensal\u00a0apara<\/em>, Spanish\u00a0aparar<\/em>\u00a0which have the same meaning as in Latin. Romanian\u00a0ap\u0103ra<\/strong>\u00a0is semantically incompatible with\u00a0 Latinapparare<\/em>\u00a0and the other Romance forms, except for Calabrian\u00a0\u00a0apparari \u2018<\/em>to put in a safe place\u2019. Albanian\u00a0mbroj<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to protect, to defend\u2019\u00a0 is a cognate to this Romanian verb. They seem to derive from\u00a0 a IE *pari<\/strong>\u00a0> *pari<\/strong>–et<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018all around\u2019 (cf. Walde; 2, 254) < PIE *per<\/strong>\u00a0(IEW<\/em>, 810); cf. Hittite\u00a0pi-ir<\/em>\u00a0\u2018house\u2019, as well\u00a0 as Thracian –para<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018city, fortress\u2019 (see\u00a0para<\/strong>\u00b9,\u00a0perete \u2018<\/strong>wall\u2019). Thraco-Illyrian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0ap\u0103rare<\/em>,\u00a0ap\u0103r\u0103tor<\/em>,\u00a0ap\u0103r\u0103toare<\/em>,\u00a0ap\u0103r\u0103tur\u0103<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ap\u0103re\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(vb., II) \u2013 1. to appear, to become visible; 2. to come out, to be published.<\/p>\n

      It is a derivative of\u00a0p\u0103rea<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018to seem\u2019 (cf. Cioranescu, 320) prefixed with\u00a0a<\/em>\u00a0or from Latin\u00a0app\u0101r\u0113re<\/em>; cf. French\u00a0appara\u00eetre<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 (see\u00a0<\/strong>p\u0103rea<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0aparent<\/em>,\u00a0aparen\u0163\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0apari\u0163ie<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ap\u0103s\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(vb., I) \u2013 1. to press (hard), to push; 2 to stress; 3. to oppress.<\/p>\n

      Latin *appensare<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0pensare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to weigh\u2019 (Philippide,\u00a0Principii<\/em>, 21; Pu\u015fcariu, 94; Candrea-Densusianu, 1349;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 544; Cioranescu, 324); cf. Spanish\u00a0pesar<\/em>, French\u00a0peser<\/em>. In Latin\u00a0pensare<\/em>, the nasal is an infix, since it is missing in other Indo-European languages such as Sanskrit\u00a0a-pi\u0161<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to press, to press hard\u2019, Albanianpish<\/em>\u00a0\u2018weight\u2019, Albanian\u00a0pesho<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to weigh\u2019, Welsh\u00a0pwyso<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to weigh\u2019,\u00a0pwysan<\/em>\u00a0\u2018weigh\u2019, Breton\u00a0pouez<\/em>\u00a0\u2018weight\u2019,\u00a0\u00a0poueza<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to weigh\u2019.<\/p>\n

      We may reconstruct a PIE *pes<\/strong>– \u2018weight, to weigh, to press\u2019 (see\u00a0p\u0103s<\/strong>). It seems to be of Thraco-Illyrian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0ap\u0103sare<\/em>,\u00a0ap\u0103sat<\/em>,\u00a0ap\u0103s\u0103tor<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      aplec\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variant\u00a0pleca<\/em>, Aromanian\u00a0aplec<\/em>,\u00a0aplic<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to suckle (a baby animal)\u2019, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0plec<\/em>) (vb., I) \u2013 1. to incline, to bend, to bow; 2. to subjugate; 3. to suckle (a baby animal).<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0applicare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to affix, to attach, to steer\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 97; Pascu, I, 35;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 548; Cioranescu, 332); cf. Catalan\u00a0aplegar<\/em>, Spanish\u00a0allegar<\/em>, Portuguese\u00a0achegar<\/em>. Th meaning of the latin etymon is different.<\/p>\n

      In fact, it is a variant of\u00a0pleca<\/em>. Romanian\u00a0pleca<\/em>,\u00a0apleca<\/strong>\u00a0should be associated with Latin\u00a0plico<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to bend, to pack\u2019 from PIE *plek<\/strong>\u2019- \u2018to bend, a \u00eempleti\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 834). Latin\u00a0applico<\/em>\u00a0is a derivative\u00a0plico<\/em>, it was used till the end of the Republic (1st century, BC)\u00a0 (cf. Glare, 152), afterwards it became obsolete. In other words, about 150 years before Romans set foot in Dacia.\u00a0 I have to mention that derivatives of this Latin verb may be looked for only in the Iberian Peninsula, probably because the Iberian Peninsula was conquered in the 2nd century BC.<\/p>\n

      From\u00a0<\/strong>apleca<\/strong>\u00a0(pleca<\/em>) there are a few derivatives such as\u00a0plec\u0103ciune<\/em>\u00a0\u2018(low) bow\u2019 and\u00a0plec\u0103toare\u00a0 \u2018<\/em>milking sheep\u2019\u00a0 > Hungarian\u00a0pleketor<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 as well as Ukrainianplekati<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to suckle\u2019. These forms should not be associated with\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>pleca<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018to go, to leave\u2019 as most linguists do. It has a totally different origin (see\u00a0<\/strong>pleca<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives: (a<\/em>)plec\u0103ciune<\/em>,\u00a0aplec\u0103tur\u0103<\/em>, (a<\/em>)plec\u0103toare<\/em>\u00a0\u201eoaie cu miel\u201d.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      apocal\u1ecbps<\/strong>\u00a0(variant\u00a0apocalips\u0103<\/em>) \u2013 the biblical Revelation.<\/p>\n

      Medio-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03b9\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0(Cioranescu, 333) from Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to unveil\u2019 <\u00a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf<\/em>-,\u00a0\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to cover, to hide\u2019; cf. French\u00a0apocalypse<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0apocaliptic<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ap\u1ecdi<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0apoi<\/em>,\u00a0apoea<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0napoi<\/em>,\u00a0n\u0103poi<\/em>,\u00a0poia<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0napoi<\/em>) (adv.) \u2013 then, afterwards.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0ad post<\/em>\u00a0(Pu\u015fcariu, 98; Candrea-Densusianu, 1423;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 195; Cioranescu, 335) which would give *apost<\/em>\u00a0in Romanian, not\u00a0\u00a0apoi<\/strong>; cf. Italian\u00a0<\/em>poi \u2018<\/em>id\u2019.<\/p>\n

      Romanian\u00a0apoi<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>should be associated to PIE *apo<\/strong>– \u2018behind, back\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 53); cf.\u00a0 Sanskrit\u00a0apo<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Greek \u03ac\u03c0\u03c9<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Hittite\u00a0appa<\/em>\u00a0\u2018behind, after, again\u2019, Albanianpr<\/em>–ap\u00eb<\/em>\u00a0\u2018behind, again\u2019 (see\u00a0\u00eenapoi \u2018<\/strong>back, behind\u2019). It seems to be of Traco-Illyrian origin.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      apoplex\u1ecbe<\/strong>\u00a0(n., fem.) \u2013 stroke.<\/p>\n

      Neo-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03be\u03af\u03b1<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 (Cioranescu, 337) from Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u2018<\/em>to hit, to throw down\u2019; cf. French\u00a0apoplexie<\/em>\u00a0(since 18th century).<\/p>\n

      Derivative:\u00a0apoplectic<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ap\u1ecdstol<\/strong>\u00a0(n., masc.) \u2013 a disciple of Christ, apostle.<\/p>\n

      Medio-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0\u201eenvoy\u201d (Murnu, 6; Cioranescu, 342), from\u00a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/em>\u00a0\u201eto send (someone)\u201d.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0apostolat, apostolic<\/em>,\u00a0apostolicesc<\/em>,\u00a0apostolice\u015fte<\/em>,\u00a0apostolie<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      apostr\u1ecdf<\/strong>\u00a0(n., neut.) \u2013 apostrophy.<\/p>\n

      Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0(G\u00e1ldi,\u00a0Les mots<\/em>, 151) <\u00a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/em>\u00a0\u201eto give back\u201d <\u00a0\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/em>\u00a0\u201eto return\u201d; cf. French\u00a0apostrophe<\/em>\u00a0(since 17th century; cf. G\u00e1ldi).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0apostrof\u0103<\/em>\u00a0\u201ereprimand\u201d,\u00a0a apostrofa<\/em>\u00a0\u201eto reprimand\u201d.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      apot\u1eb9c\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0(variants\u00a0potic\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0aptec\u0103<\/em>) (dial., Trans.) (n., fem.) \u2013 pharmacy.<\/p>\n

      NHG\u00a0Apotheke<\/em>\u00a0\u201efarmacy\u201d (Cioranescu, 6707) from Latin\u00a0apotheca<\/em>\u00a0< Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0apotecar<\/em>,\u00a0potec\u0103ra\u015f<\/em>\u00a0(variant\u00a0poticar\u0103\u015f<\/em>) \u201epharmacist\u201d.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u1ea1prig<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(adj.) \u2013 1. fiery, ardent, impetuos; 2. harsh, severe; 3. greedy.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0apricus<\/em>\u00a0\u2018exposed to sun\u2019 (Hasdeu,\u00a0Etym<\/em>.; Cihac, 1, 24; Cioranescu, 347). Pu\u015fcariu (99) as well as REW (581) reject this hypothesis considering it of unknown origin. Authors of DAR derive it from Greek\u00a0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c0\u03b1\u03be<\/em>\u00a0stingy, greedy\u2019 which is a cognate of Romanian\u00a0aprig<\/strong>, but not its etymon. There are cognates in a number of other Indo-European languages; cf. Gothic (faihu<\/em>)\u00a0friks<\/em>\u00a0\u2018avaricious, greedy\u2019, Old Icelandic\u00a0ferkr<\/em>\u00a0\u2018greedy\u2019, OHG\u00a0freh<\/em>\u00a0\u2018stingy\u2019, Old English\u00a0froec \u2018<\/em>greedy bold\u2019, Polish\u00a0<\/em>pragna\u0107<\/em>\u00a0\u2018stingy, greedy\u2019, all from PIE *preg<\/strong>– \u2018greedy, harsh, vehement\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 845). Again, in Romanian, the Proto-Indo-European root is prefix by\u00a0a<\/em>\u00a0(ad<\/em>) as in many other cases. Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      apr\u1ecblie<\/strong>\u00a0(n., masc.) – April.<\/p>\n

      Medio-Greek\u00a0\u0391\u03c0\u03c1\u03af\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0(Cioranescu, 348); cf. OCS\u00a0Aprili<\/em>. It is a parallel form to\u00a0prier<\/strong>\u00a0which is much older (see\u00a0prier<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      apr\u1ecbnde<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0aprindu<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0\u00a0prind<\/em>,\u00a0 Istro-Romanian\u00a0aprindu<\/em>) (vb., III) \u2013 1. to kindle, to light; 2. to ignite, to set on fire; 3. to switch on; 4. to blush; 4. to be enthusiastic.<\/p>\n

      Latin *apprendere<\/em>\u00a0<\/em><\u00a0apprehendere<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to understand, to catch\u2019 (\u015e\u0103ineanu,\u00a0Semasiol<\/em>., 181; Pu\u015fcariu, 100; Candrea-Densusianu, 1448;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 554; Cioranescu, 349). The western Romance languages\u00a0 kept the Latin meaning; cf. Italian\u00a0apprendere<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to learn\u2019, French\u00a0apprendre<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Spanish\u00a0\u00a0apprender<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019.<\/p>\n

      This verb has a totally different meaning and it is not a real cognate of the western Romance forms. Therefore, it should be considered a derivative of\u00a0<\/strong>prinde<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018to catch\u2019, prefixed with\u00a0a<\/em>\u00a0(ad<\/em>) (see\u00a0<\/strong>prinde<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives: aprindere, aprinz\u0103tor.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      apro\u1ea1pe<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0aproapea<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0proapi<\/em>, Istro-Romanian (a<\/em>)prope<\/em>) (adv.) \u2013 1. close by, not far; 2. almost.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0ad prope<\/em>\u00a0(Pu\u015fcariu, 101; Candrea-Densusianu, 65;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 197; Cioranescu, 350). Latin\u00a0prope<\/em>\u00a0< *proque<\/em>\u00a0(cf. Latin\u00a0proximus<\/em>).<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0prope<\/em>\u00a0is a loanword from Osco-Umbrian where PIE *k\u02b7e<\/strong>\u00a0>\u00a0pe<\/em>, a phonological feature found in Thraco-Illyrian as well. The verb\u00a0a<\/em>\u00a0(se<\/em>)\u00a0apropia<\/em>\u00a0seem to be internal derivative of Romanian, since Latin\u00a0appropiare<\/em>\u00a0is attested only in the Middle Ages to the ecclesiastic authors.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0a apropia<\/em>,\u00a0apropiere<\/em>,\u00a0apropiat<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      apr\u1ecdd<\/strong>\u00a0(n., masc.) (obs.) \u2013 1. young boyar (aristocrat) serving at the Court of the Romanian princes in the Middle Ages; 2. bailiff.<\/p>\n

      Hungarian\u00a0apr\u00f3d<\/em>\u00a0\u2018page\u2019 <\u00a0apr\u00f3<\/em>\u00a0\u2018small\u2019 (Cihac, 2, 476; Cioranescu, 352).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      apuc\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0apuc<\/em>) (vb., I) – 1. to grab, to seize, to catch; 2. a pune m\u00e2na \u00een grab\u0103 pe ceva; 3. to have known; 3. to begin, to start.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0occupare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to seize, to occupy, to attack\u2019 (Cihac,1, 14) was rejected by Meyer-L\u00fcbke (Dacor.,<\/em>\u00a04, 642;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 776). Latin\u00a0aucupor<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to go birdcatching, to pursue, to watch for\u2019 (Burl\u0103,\u00a0St. Fil<\/em>., 1880;\u00a0 Pu\u015fcariu (103);\u00a0REW<\/em>, 776; Rosetti 1, 162) which is not better then the previous one, both phonologically and semantically.<\/p>\n

      Romanian\u00a0apuca<\/strong>\u00a0is a cognate of Latin\u00a0apiscor<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to reach for, to aquire\u2019, but the derivation from\u00a0apiscor<\/em>\u00a0is not possible. Both verbs derive from PIE *ap<\/strong>– \u2018to grab, to catch\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 50); cf. Hittite\u00a0eipmi<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to take, Sanskrit\u00a0apnoti<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to arrive at, to win\u2019, Avestan\u00a0apayeiti<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to arrive at\u2019, Greek\u00a0<\/em>\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to gather, to bind\u2019, Tocharian Aoppa\u00e7\u00e7i \u2018<\/em>skillfull, clever, ingenious\u2019. Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0apucare<\/em>,\u00a0apucat<\/em>,\u00a0apuc\u0103tor<\/em>,\u00a0apuc\u0103tur\u0103<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u1ea0pullum<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 a city in ancient Dacia, today Alba-Iulia<\/p>\n

      It is the Latin form of a Dacian *Aplo<\/em>\u00a0sau *Apl<\/em>\u00a0which seems to derive from PIE *albho<\/strong>– \u2018white\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 30); cf. Gallo-Roman\u00a0Albion<\/em>\u00a0\u2018Brittania\u2019, Middle IrishAlbbu<\/em>\u00a0\u2018Brittania\u2019 (see\u00a0alb<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ap\u1ee5ne<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0apun<\/em>) (vb., III) \u2013 1. to set (down), to go down; 2. to fade, to decline.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0apponere<\/em>\u00a0\u201eto put near, to apply, to add\u201d (\u015e\u0103ineanu,\u00a0Semasiol<\/em>., 181, Pu\u015fcariu, Candrea-Densusianu, 1462;\u00a0REW,<\/em>\u00a0551; Cioranescu, 356). The putative Latin etymon has a different meaning. However, Spanish\u00a0ponerse el sol<\/em>\u00a0\u201eto set down (about sun)\u201d has the same meaning and similar form, but they cannot be derived from the same Vulgar Latin etymon, therefore Romanian\u00a0apune<\/strong>\u00a0seems to be an internal derivative of Romanian from\u00a0<\/strong>pune<\/strong>\u00a0\u201eto put\u201d, prefixed with\u00a0a<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>(see\u00a0<\/strong>pune<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0apunere<\/em>,\u00a0apus<\/em>,\u00a0apusean<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ar\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0ar<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0oru<\/em>) (vb., I) \u2013 to plough.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0arare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to plough\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 105; Candrea-Densusianu, 67;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 508; Cioranescu, 357); cf. Italian\u00a0arare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Spanish, Portuguese\u00a0arar<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019.<\/p>\n

      The root is found in most Indo-European language groups; cf. Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03c9<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to plough\u2019, Middle Irish\u00a0airim<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to plough, to work\u2019, Welsh\u00a0arddu<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to plough\u2019, Lithuanian\u00a0ariu<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Lithuanian\u00a0arimas<\/em>\u00a0\u2018ploughed field\u2019, Gothic\u00a0arjan<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to plough\u2019, OHG\u00a0erran \u2018<\/em>id\u2019, OCS\u00a0orjo<\/em>,\u00a0orati<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019,\u00a0 Albabian\u00a0ar\u00eb<\/em>\u00a0\u2018cultivated field\u2019,\u00a0arar<\/em>\u2018ploughman\u2019, Armenian\u00a0araur<\/em>\u00a0\u2018plough\u2019, Lithuanian\u00a0arklas<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Tocharian\u00a0are<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019. All from PIE *ar<\/strong>(\u0259<\/strong>) \u2018to plough\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 62);<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0ar\u0103tur\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0ar\u0103tor<\/em>,\u00a0arabil<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      arabab\u1ee5r\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variant\u00a0harababur\u0103<\/em>) (n., fem.) \u2013 disorder, scandal.<\/p>\n

      Turkish\u00a0anababulla<\/em>\u00a0> Neo-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03ac\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1<\/em>\u00a0(DAR<\/em>; Cioranescu, 358). However, similar forms are found in a series of European languages: cf. Medieval Latin\u00a0baburra<\/em>\u00a0\u201emadness, insanity\u201d, Medio-Greek\u00a0\u03b2\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03cb\u03c1\u03b1<\/em>\u00a0\u201eid\u201d, Italian (Venetian dialect)\u00a0alabala<\/em>\u00a0\u201econfusely\u201d. All these forms seem to be of imitative origin.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ar\u1ea1c<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variants\u00a0harac<\/em>,\u00a0h\u0103rac<\/em>, Aromanian\u00a0harac<\/em>) (n., masc.) \u2013 prop, stake.<\/p>\n

      Neo-Greek\u00a0\u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03b9<\/em>\u00a0\u2018prop\u2019 (Roesler, 586; Cioranescu, 360); cf. Turkish\u00a0herek<\/em>, Bulgarian\u00a0harak<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ar\u1ea1m\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0aram\u0103<\/em>) (n., fem.) \u2013 copper.<\/p>\n

      Vulgar Latin *aramen<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0aeramen<\/em>\u00a0(Diez,\u00a0Gramm<\/em>.,\u00a0<\/em>2, 5; Pu\u015fcariu, 107; Candrea-Densusianu, 61; Rosetti, 2, 65; Cioranescu, 363); cf. Italian\u00a0rame<\/em>\u00a0\u2018copper\u2019, Old French\u00a0arain<\/em>, Old Provensal, Catalan\u00a0aram,<\/em>\u00a0Old Spanish\u00a0arambre<\/em>, as well as Albanian\u00a0rem<\/em>, Albanian\u00a0aram\u00eb<\/em>\u00a0\u2018copper\u2019.<\/p>\n

      The root is found in many other Indo-European and Afrasian languages. The Eneolithic begun in eastern Anatolia in the 7th millennium, BC and spread into Balkan region and Europe. Orel (1995, 55) reconstructs a AA root *ariw<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018metal\u2019; cf. Akkadian\u00a0<\/em>weru<\/em>,\u00a0eru<\/em>\u00a0\u2018copper\u2019. It seems to be of Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0a ar\u0103mi<\/em>,\u00a0ar\u0103mire<\/em>,\u00a0ar\u0103mioar\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0ar\u0103m\u0103rie<\/em>,\u00a0ar\u0103miu<\/em>\u00a0etc.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ar\u1ea1p<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variant\u00a0harap<\/em>, Aromanian\u00a0arap<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0rap<\/em>) (n., masc.) \u2013 1. Arab; 2. a dark complexion person.<\/p>\n

      Turkish\u00a0arab<\/em>\u00a0\u2018Arab\u2019 (\u015e\u0103ineanu, II, 22; Cioranescu, 365); cf. Neo-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03c2<\/em>, Albanian\u00a0<\/em>arap<\/em>, Bulgarian\u00a0harap<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0ar\u0103pesc<\/em>,\u00a0ar\u0103pime<\/em>,\u00a0ar\u0103poaic\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0ar\u0103pil\u0103<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      arat<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0aratru<\/em>) \u2013 plough (in Muscel region, only).<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0aratrum<\/em>\u00a0\u2018plough\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu,\u00a0Dacor<\/em>., 8, 324). From the same root derives Aromanian\u00a0ar\u0103tor<\/em>\u00a0\u2018ploughman\u2019 which seems to derive from Latin\u00a0aratorius<\/em>\u00a0(cf. Papahagi, 133). A Daco-Romanian dialectal form\u00a0artor<\/em>\u00a0is attested in northern Moldova which cannot really derive from Latin\u00a0aratrum.<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>All these forms derive form. PIE *ar\u0259trom<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018plough\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 62) (see\u00a0ara<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ar\u0103t\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0ar\u0103t<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0arotu<\/em>) (vb., I)\u00a0 \u2013 1. to show, to indicate 2. to present; 3. to look like; 4. to explain.<\/p>\n

      Latin *ad reputare<\/em>\u00a0(Hasdeu, 1557) or Latin *arrectare<\/em>\u00a0<\/em><\u00a0\u00a0rectus \u2018<\/em>right, straight\u2019 (Cihac, 1, 82). Latin *arratare<\/em>\u00a0(Candrea,\u00a0Rom<\/em>., 31, 301), but later Candrea (GS<\/em>, 3, 423) renounced his hypothesis. Finally, from Latin\u00a0ratare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to count, to determine\u2019 (Cioranescu, 369), a derivative of\u00a0\u00a0ratus<\/em>\u00a0\u2018valid\u2019, but Cioranescu\u2019s hypothesis does not explain the presence of the initial\u00a0a<\/em>. None of these hypotheses can be accepted. All these \u201cetymons\u201d either\u00a0 have no attestation or are not appropriate from a semantic or phonological point of view. However, there are cognates in other Indo-European languages; cf. Welsh\u00a0arddangosfa<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to show, to present\u2019,\u00a0arddangos<\/em>\u2018show\u2019, Irish\u00a0no<\/em>–radim<\/em>\u00a0\u2018sage, wise man\u2019,\u00a0 Gothic\u00a0rodian<\/em>, NHG\u00a0reden<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to speak, to talk\u2019, all from\u00a0<\/em>PIE *ar<\/strong>(e<\/strong>),\u00a0ar\u0259<\/strong>– \u2018to unite, to match, to talk, to show, to calculate\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 55), with the formant\u00a0dh<\/strong>: *aredh<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(IEW<\/em>, 59). Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0ar\u0103tare<\/em>,\u00a0ar\u0103tos<\/em>,\u00a0ar\u0103t\u0103tor<\/em>,\u00a0ar\u0103t\u0103tur\u0103<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u1ea1rbore<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0arbure<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0arbur<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0\u00e5rbure<\/em>) (n., masc.) \u2013 tree.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0arbor<\/em>\u00a0\u2018tree\u2019\u00a0<\/em>(Pu\u015fcariu, 112; Candrea-Densusianu, 74;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 606); cf. Vegliote\u00a0<\/em>juarbul<\/em>\u00a0\u2018tree\u2019, Italian\u00a0albero<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Corsican\u00a0arburu<\/em>, French, Catalan\u00a0arbre<\/em>, Spanish\u00a0arbol<\/em>, as well as Albanian\u00a0arbur<\/em>\u00a0and OHG\u00a0albar<\/em>\u00a0(cf. Ernout-Meillet, 56).<\/p>\n

      Walde-Hoffmann (1, 62) shows that Latin\u00a0arbor<\/em>\u00a0derives from PIE *ardho<\/strong>–s<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018tree\u2019. I have o to mention that PIE *d<\/strong>(h<\/strong>), after a lateral (r<\/em>, l) turned into a\u00a0b<\/em>, a phenomenon found not only in Latin, but in Thraco-Dacian as well (see\u00a0albie<\/strong>,\u00a0vorb\u0103<\/strong>). Romanian\u00a0arbore<\/strong>\u00a0is of Latin origin, but it is less usual than\u00a0copac<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018tree\u2019 (see\u00a0copac<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0arborescent<\/em>,\u00a0arborescen\u0163\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0arboricultur\u0103<\/em>\u00a0(modern loanwords),\u00a0arboros<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      arc<\/strong>\u00a0(variant (dial.)\u00a0harc<\/em>, Aromanian\u00a0<\/em>arcu<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0arc<\/em>) (n., neut.) \u2013\u00a0 bow.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0arcus<\/em>\u00a0\u2018bow\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 113; Candrea-Densusianu, 76; Cioranescu); cf. Spanish, Portuguese\u00a0arco<\/em>, Provensal, French\u00a0arc<\/em>, as well as Albanian\u00a0ark<\/em>\u00a0(hark<\/em>). The root is found in other Indo-European languages; cf. Umbrian\u00a0ar\u00e7lataf<\/em>\u00a0\u2018arculatas (kind of pretzels)\u2019, Gothic\u00a0arhazna \u2018<\/em>bow\u2019, Old English\u00a0earh<\/em>\u00a0\u2018arrow\u2019, Greek\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0\u2018juniper\u2019, Albanian\u00a0arkit\u00eb<\/em>\u00a0\u2018osier willow\u2019 (see\u00a0r\u0103chit\u0103)<\/strong>, all from PIE *arqu<\/strong>– \u2018bent, to bend\u2019 (IEW, 67) or PIE *\u0127herk<\/strong>(h<\/strong>)\u02b7\/ *\u0127hark<\/strong>(h<\/strong>)\u02b7<\/strong>(Bomhard&Kerns, 384). The Proto-Indo-European root reconstructed by Bomhard&Kerns exhibits initial laryngeals which seems to be preserved in some (conservative) Romanian and Albanian dialects.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0arca\u015f<\/em>,\u00a0arcui<\/em>,\u00a0arcuit<\/em>,\u00a0arcuire<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      arc\u1ea1ci<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(obs.)\u00a0<\/strong>(n., masc.) \u2013 a fence separating sheep.<\/p>\n

      Turkish\u00a0arka\u00e7<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 (Hasdeu,\u00a0Etym<\/em>.,1492). It seems to be of Indo-European origin, namely from PIE *arqu-<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018bent, to bend\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 63) (see\u00a0arc<\/strong>,\u00a0arcan<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      arc\u1ea1n<\/strong>\u00a0(n., neut.) \u2013 lasso, shipknot rope.<\/p>\n

      Tatar\u00a0arkan<\/em>\u00a0\u2018lasso\u2019 (Miklosich,\u00a0Fremdw<\/em>., 175; Cioranescu); cf. Turkish, Polish, Ukrainian, Russian\u00a0arkan<\/em>. Miklosich (Wander<\/em>., 12) argues that Polish borrowed it from Romanian, but it seems that all these languages borrowed it from Romanian. The word seems to derive from the same PIE root *arqu<\/strong>– \u2018bent, to bend\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 67) (see\u00a0arc<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u1ea1rde<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0ardu<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0ard<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0<\/em>\u00e5rdu<\/em>) (vb., III) \u2013 to burn, to be hot.<\/p>\n

      Latin *ard\u0115re<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>(instead of\u00a0ard\u0113re<\/em>) (Pu\u015fcariu, 114; Candrea-Densusianu, 78;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 620; Cioranescu, 381); cf. Vegliote\u00a0<\/em>ardar<\/em>, Italian\u00a0<\/em>ardere<\/em>, Provensal, Old Frenchardre<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0ard\u0113re<\/em>\u00a0derives from PIE *as<\/strong>-,\u00a0azd<\/strong>-,\u00a0azg<\/strong>(h<\/strong>)- \u2018a arde\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 68). The root is found in many other Indo-European languages. It means \u2018altar\u2019 in Italic languages and \u2018ash\u2019 in most other languages.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0ardere<\/em>,\u00a0arsur\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0ardei<\/em>\u00a0etc.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      Arde\u1ea1l\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Transylvania (in Romanian).<\/p>\n

      It was associated with Hungarian\u00a0erdely<\/em>\u00a0\u2018forest\u2019 > Hungarian\u00a0Erdely<\/em>\u00a0\u2018Transylvania\u2019.<\/p>\n

      However, there are about 40 other place-names and river names all over Romania\u00a0 similar to it. Here are some of them:\u00a0Ardel<\/em>,\u00a0Ardaloaia<\/em>,\u00a0<\/em>Ardelei<\/em>,\u00a0Ardelion<\/em>,Ardelia<\/em>,\u00a0Ardeoani<\/em>,\u00a0<\/em>Ardota<\/em>,\u00a0Ardeu<\/em>, Arduz\u0103l etc. (cf. N. Dr\u0103ganu,\u00a0Rom\u00e2nii<\/em>…, 1933), but all these forms cannot derive from Hungarian\u00a0erdely<\/em>, since there was no language contacts between the Romanians living in these regions and Hungarians. There is no doubt that the association between\u00a0Ardeal<\/strong>\u00a0and Hungarian\u00a0erdely<\/em>\u00a0is due to folk etymology. Therefore, the Magyars associated the Romanian name of this province with a word already existing in their language.<\/p>\n

      Since the region is a plateau it seems to derive from PIE *er<\/strong>(\u0259<\/strong>)d<\/strong>\u00a0\u201etall, to wake up, to raise\u201d (IEW<\/em>, 339); cf. Avestan\u00a0\u0259r\u0259dva<\/em>\u00a0\u2018tall\u2019, latin\u00a0arduus<\/em>\u00a0\u2018tall abrupt\u2019, GaulishArduenna<\/em>\u00a0(silva<\/em>), Old Irish\u00a0ard<\/em>\u00a0\u2018height\u2019, Irish\u00a0aird<\/em>\u00a0\u2018region, territory\u2019, Albanian\u00a0rit<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to wake up. From the root derives the Romanian verb a radical \u2018to lift, to raise\u2019 (see\u00a0ridica<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0ardelean<\/em>,\u00a0ardeleanc\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0ardelenesc<\/em>,\u00a0ardelene\u015fte<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ar\u1eb9nd\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0(arind\u0103<\/em>\u00a0(Trans., Olt.),\u00a0or\u00e2nd\u0103<\/em>\u00a0(Mold.) (n., fem.) \u2013 lease, rent.<\/p>\n

      Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian, Polish, Ukrainian, Russian\u00a0<\/em>arenda<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 (Cihac, 2, 3; Hasdeu,\u00a0Etym<\/em>.,1540); cf. Hungarian\u00a0arenda<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019. However, the word is found in a few Romance languages as well, such as Sardinian\u00a0arrendare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to lease, to rent\u2019, Spanish\u00a0arrendar<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019. Therefore, Cioranescu (383) believes that the Romanian word derives from a Late Latin *arenda<\/em>. Furthermore, there are similar forms in other Romance languages, such as Old French\u00a0rente<\/em>\u00a0(12th century), Provensalrenta<\/em>\u00a0(renda<\/em>), Spanish\u00a0renta<\/em>, Potuguese\u00a0renda<\/em>, Italian\u00a0rendita<\/em>, cognates to Latin\u00a0<\/em>reddo<\/em>,\u00a0reddere<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to give back, to return\u2019,\u00a0redditio<\/em>\u00a0\u2018giving back\u2019. The Latin verb derives from an Old Latin form *rendo<\/em>, *rendere<\/em>. In other words, these Romance forms cannot derive directly from Latin\u00a0reddo<\/em>,\u00a0reddere<\/em>. They come from some other languages and dialects from the Roman Empire. They all these derive from PIE *rent<\/strong>– \u2018wealth, property\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 865); cf. Sanskrit\u00a0ratnam<\/em>\u00a0\u2018posessions, proprety\u2019, Irish\u00a0ret<\/em>\u00a0\u2018possessions\u2019. The Slavic languages and Hungarian\u00a0 borrowed it from Romanian. Pre-Roman origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0a arenda<\/em>,\u00a0arendare<\/em>,\u00a0arenda\u015f<\/em>,\u00a0arend\u0103\u015fi\u0163\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0arend\u0103\u015fie<\/em>,\u00a0arend\u0103\u015fesc<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ar\u1eb9te<\/strong>\u00a0(dial.) (Aromanian\u00a0arete<\/em>,\u00a0areati<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0reti<\/em>,\u00a0areati<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0<\/em>arete<\/em>) (n., masc.)\u00a0 \u2013 ram.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0aries<\/em>, –etem<\/em>\u00a0\u2018ram\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 115; Candrea-Densusianu, 81;\u00a0<\/em>REW<\/em>, 645; Cioranescu, 386). Latin\u00a0arietem<\/em>\u00a0would have been *ariete<\/em>\u00a0in Romanian. The phonetics was discussed by Rosetti (1, 51).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      arg\u0103s\u1ecb<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0ar\u03b3\u0103sescu<\/em>,\u00a0ar\u03b3\u0103sire<\/em>) (vb., III) \u2013 to tan (a hide or skin).<\/p>\n

      Neo-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03b6\u03c9<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>\u2018to tan\u2019 (aorist of\u00a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b1<\/em>) (DAR<\/em>; Cioranescu, 388); cf. Bulgarian\u00a0<\/em>argasvam<\/em>, Albanian\u00a0argosh\u00eb<\/em>\u00a0\u2018skin irritation\u2019. It is not attested in ancient Greek, therefore Neo-Greek borrowed it from Aromanian. On the other hand, Albanian form is inherited. The verb derives from PIE *areq<\/strong>– \u2018to protect, to defend, to seal, to close\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 65); cf. Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c9<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to protect\u2019, Latin\u00a0<\/em>arceo<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to seal, to close\u2019. Thraco-Illyrian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0arg\u0103sire<\/em>,\u00a0arg\u0103sit<\/em>,\u00a0arg\u0103seal\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0arg\u0103sitor<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      arg\u1ea1t<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0argat<\/em>) (n., masc.) \u2013 servant, helper.<\/p>\n

      Neo-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0< Greek\u00a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0\u2018worker\u2019 (Roesler, 564; Murnu, 6); cf. Albanian\u00a0argat<\/em>, Turkish\u00a0irgat<\/em>, Bulgarian\u00a0argatin<\/em>, Serbo-Croatian\u00a0argat<\/em>. Neo-Greek origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0arg\u0103\u0163el<\/em>,\u00a0a arg\u0103\u0163i<\/em>,\u00a0arg\u0103\u0163esc<\/em>,\u00a0arg\u0103\u0163ime<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      arge\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0(obs.) (n., fem.) – 1. niche, recess (in the wall); 2. an underground room of the traditional houses.<\/p>\n

      Dacian *argilla<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>(Hasdeu,\u00a0Col. lui Traian<\/em>, 1873, 232;\u00a0Etym<\/em>. 1577-9; Densusianu,\u00a0Filologie<\/em>, 449;\u00a0Hlr<\/em>., 38;\u00a0GS<\/em>, 7, 86; Philippide,\u00a0Principii<\/em>, 33, 148; Iordan,\u00a0Dift<\/em>. 58). Hasdeu associates it with Greek\u00a0\u03ac\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1<\/em>\u00a0\u2018underground house\u2019 and Old Macedonian\u00a0\u03ac\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1<\/em>\u00a0\u2018bathroom\u2019.<\/p>\n

      Jokl (IF<\/em>, 44, 13) and Pu\u015fcariu (Lr<\/em>., 237) consider that the Old Macedonian is a loanword from Cimmerian\u00a0\u03ac\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1<\/em>; cf. Albanian\u00a0rag\u00eblia<\/em>. According to the ancient Greek and Byzantine authors Cimmerians were a Geto-Dacian tribe who lived on the northern shore of the Black Sea. Br\u00e2ncu\u015f (VALR<\/em>, 30) and I.I. Russu (Elem<\/em>., 133) associate it with PIE *areg<\/strong>– \u2018to close\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 64); cf. Sanskrit\u00a0argala<\/em>–h<\/em>\u00a0\u2018bolt\u2019.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u1ea0rge\u015f<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 river in southern Romania.<\/p>\n

      It is attested to many ancient and Byzantine authors over the centuries since Herodotus, under slightly different forms:\u00a0Ordessos<\/em>\u00a0(Herodotus),\u00a0Ordesos<\/em>\u00a0(Plinius), where\u00a0g<\/em>\u2019\u00a0<\/em>is spelled as\u00a0d<\/em>, since ancient Greek and Latin did not have this sound. Later on, we have\u00a0Argesios<\/em>,\u00a0Argisios<\/em>\u00a0(Porphyrogenitus, beginning of 10th century AD). The sufix –sio<\/em>–s<\/em>\u00a0explain the sound\u00a0\u015f<\/em>\u00a0(sh) of the modern form, since\u00a0s<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>followed by\u00a0i<\/em>\u00a0gave\u00a0\u015f<\/em>\u00a0in Romanian (see\u00a0\u015fapte<\/strong>,\u00a0\u015farpe<\/strong>), a phenomenon found in other Romanian river names (see\u00a0Arie\u015f<\/strong>,\u00a0Cri\u015f<\/strong>,\u00a0Mure\u015f<\/strong>,\u00a0Timi\u015f<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

      This river name seems to derive from PIE *ar(e)g<\/strong>\u2019-,\u00a0arg<\/strong>\u2019- \u2018white, bright\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 64) (see\u00a0argint<\/strong>). Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0Curtea<\/em>–de<\/em>–Arge\u015f<\/em>,\u00a0arge\u015fean<\/em>,\u00a0arge\u015feanc\u0103<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      arg\u1ecbnt<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0arzint<\/em>,\u00a0r\u0103zint<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0<\/em>arzint<\/em>) (n., masc.) \u2013 1. silver; 2. money (pl.).<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0argentum<\/em>\u00a0\u2018silver\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 116; Candrea-Densusianu, 82;\u00a0<\/em>REW<\/em>, 640; Cioranescu, 393).<\/p>\n

      The root is attested in many other Indo-European languages; cf. Sanskrit\u00a0\u00e1rjunah<\/em>\u00a0\u2018white, bright, pure\u2019, Greek\u00a0\u03ac\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0\u2018silver\u2019, Oscan\u00a0arageto<\/em>– \u2018id\u2019, Albanianargjent<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Irish\u00a0<\/em>argat<\/em>\u00a0\u2018silver, money\u2019, Old Welsh\u00a0argnt<\/em>\u00a0\u2018silver\u2019, Middle Cornish\u00a0argans<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Breton\u00a0<\/em>archant<\/em>\u00a0\u2019id\u2019, Armenian\u00a0arcath \u2018<\/em>id\u2019.<\/p>\n

      The Pictish personal name\u00a0Argento<\/em>–coxos<\/em>\u00a0\u2018silver leg (or hip)\u2019 (cf. Vendryes), indicates that the Celtic forms are not of Latin origin. All these forms derive from PIE *ar(e)g<\/strong>\u2019-,\u00a0arg<\/strong>\u2019- \u2018white, bright\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 64). It seems be of Thraco-Illyrian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0argint<\/em>–viu<\/em>\u00a0\u2018quick silver, mercury\u2019,\u00a0a arginta<\/em>,\u00a0argintare<\/em>,\u00a0argintat<\/em>,\u00a0argintiu<\/em>,\u00a0argintar<\/em>,\u00a0argint\u0103rie<\/em>,\u00a0argintos<\/em>,\u00a0argintiu<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      arh\u1ea1nghel<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0arhanghil<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0<\/em>ranghil\u0103<\/em>) (n., masc.) \u2013 archangel.<\/p>\n

      Medio-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ac\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0(Cioranescu, 396) from\u00a0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0\u2018leader\u2019 <\u00a0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to be the first\u2019; cf. OCS\u00a0archangel\u016d<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      arhimandr\u1ecbt<\/strong>\u00a0(n., masc.) \u2013 archimandrite, the leader of an Orthodox monastery.<\/p>\n

      Medio-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0< (Murnu, 7; Cioranescu, 399) from\u00a0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0\u2018leader\u2019 and\u00a0\u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1<\/em>\u00a0\u2018monastery\u2019.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0arhimandrie<\/em>\u00a0\u2018the title of archimandrite\u2019.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ar\u1ecbci<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0ariciu<\/em>,\u00a0ari\u0163<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0ari\u0163<\/em>) (n., masc.) \u2013 hedgehog.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0ericius<\/em>\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>\u2018<\/em><\/strong>hedgehog\u2019 (Diez, 1, 349; Pu\u015fcariu, 118; Candrea-Densusianu, 85; Cioranescu, 404); cf. Italian\u00a0riccio<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019,\u00a0 Sardinian\u00a0<\/em>rizzu<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Spanish\u00a0<\/em>erizo<\/em>, as well as Albanian\u00a0irik<\/em>\u00a0(urik<\/em>) \u2018id\u2019.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0aricioaic\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0ariceal\u0103<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u1ea1rie<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0arie<\/em>,\u00a0ar<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0ar\u03b3ie<\/em>) (n., fem.) \u2013 threshing floor (ground).<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0area<\/em>\u00a0(Pu\u015fcariu, 119; Candrea-Densusianu, 86;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 626; Cioranescu, 406). Pan-romanic; cf. Albanian\u00a0ar\u00eb<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ar\u1ecbn<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variants\u00a0anin, arine<\/em>) (n., masc.) \u2013 alder tree (Alnus glutinosa<\/em>).<\/p>\n

      Latin *alninus<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0alnus<\/em>\u00a0\u2018alder tree\u2019 (Hasdeu,\u00a0Etym.,<\/em>1205; Densusianu,\u00a0Hlr.,<\/em>\u00a0119; Pu\u015fcariu, 90;\u00a0\u00a0REW<\/em>, 375a; Cioranescu, 290). The putative Vulgar Latin etymon is not attested and it seems that ther are no other Romance derivatives from this \u201cetymon\u201d. On the other hand, the root is found in many Indo-European languages; cf. Gothic *alisa<\/em>, OHG\u00a0ellira<\/em>\u00a0\u2018alder tree\u2019, Old English\u00a0alor<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Lithuanian, Latvian\u00a0alksnis<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019,\u00a0 Old Prussian\u00a0alskande<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Gaulish *alisa<\/em>\u00a0(attested in the place name\u00a0Alisia<\/em>, where Julius Caesar defeated the Gaulish forces led by Vercingetorix, in 52 BC). From all these forms one may reconstruct a PIE *alisno<\/strong>–s<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018alder tree\u2019. In Romanian (and Thraco-Dacian) intervocalic\u00a0l<\/em>\u00a0turned into a\u00a0r<\/em>, while\u00a0<\/em>s<\/em>\u00a0was dropped, therefore\u00a0arin<\/strong>. The variant\u00a0<\/em>anin<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>is a variant of\u00a0<\/strong>arin<\/strong>. Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0arini\u015f<\/em>,\u00a0arini\u015fte<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ar\u1ecbn\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(dial.) (Aromanian\u00a0arin\u0103<\/em>) (n., masc.) \u2013 sand.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0ar\u0113na<\/em>\u00a0\u2018sand\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 119; Candrea-Densusianu; 87;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 630; Philippide, II, 632; Cioranescu, 408). Panromanic; cf. Albanian\u00a0rer\u00eb<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019. The form in found in western Romania, Macedonia and Transnistria (outside Romania\u2019s borders).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0arini\u015f<\/em>\u00a0\u2018desert\u2019,\u00a0arinos<\/em>\u00a0\u2018sandy\u2019.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ar\u1ecbp\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variant\u00a0areap\u0103<\/em>, Aromanian\u00a0arp\u0103<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0<\/em>iarip\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0reap\u0103<\/em>) (n., fem.) \u2013 wing.<\/p>\n

      Cihac (2, 476) thinks that it derives from Hungarian\u00a0rop<\/em>\u00a0\u2018flight, wing\u2019, but the derivation is not possible, while Roesler believes it sas borrowed from Greek\u00a0\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae<\/em>, but the word does not seem to exist in Greek. On the other hand,\u00a0\u03ba<\/em>\u00a0could not turn into a\u00a0<\/em>p<\/em>\u00a0in Romanian. Later there were proposed several Latin etymologies, also unacceptable. From Latin\u00a0alipes<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0ali pes<\/em>\u00a0\u2018wing foot\u2019 (Densusianu,\u00a0Hlr<\/em>., 30), a hypothesis rejected by Pu\u015fcariu (123), who says that only the first part could be admitted (cf. Latin\u00a0ala<\/em>\u00a0\u2018wing\u2019). The authors of\u00a0DAR<\/em>\u00a0propose Latin\u00a0alapa<\/em>\u00a0\u2018slap\u2019 much less acceptable, but accepted by\u00a0REW<\/em>\u00a0(319). One may propose a non-attested Vulgar Latin *alepa<\/em>, but apparently there are no cognates in any Romance language except maybe for Italian (Calabrian dialect)\u00a0alapa<\/em>\u00a0\u2018the blade of a water meal wheel\u2019.\u00a0 On the other hand, there is no doubt that Romanian\u00a0arip\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0is a cognate of Latin\u00a0ala<\/em>, but the derivation is not possible. In other words, Romanian\u00a0arip\u0103<\/strong>derives from an older *alepa<\/em>\u00a0>\u00a0\u00a0<\/em>areap\u0103<\/em>\u00a0>\u00a0arip\u0103<\/strong>. Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0aripioar\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0a \u00eenaripa<\/em>,\u00a0\u00eenaripat<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      arm\u1ea1\u015f<\/strong>\u00a0(n., masc.) \u2013 a third rank aristocrat in older Romanian hierarchy, commander of the artillery.<\/p>\n

      A derivative of\u00a0\u00a0arm\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018weapon\u2019. From Romanian it was borrowed into Hungarian\u00a0\u00e1rmas<\/em>; cf. Albanian\u00a0arm\u00eb<\/em>\u00a0\u2018weapon\u2019 (see\u00a0arm\u0103<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0arm\u0103\u015fel<\/em>,\u00a0arm\u0103\u015foaie<\/em>,\u00a0arm\u0103\u015fie<\/em>\u00a0etc.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u1ea1rm\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0arm\u0103<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0<\/em>orme<\/em>) (n., fem.) \u2013 weapon.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0arma<\/em>\u00a0\u2018weaponry, weapon\u2019 (REW<\/em>, 651); cf. Irish\u00a0arm<\/em>, considered to be a loan-word from Latin according to Vendryes (A-89). The term is also found in Homeric Greek\u00a0\u03ac\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1<\/em>, –\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0\u2018wagon, car\u2019, but especially \u2018war chariot\u2019. The noun armosa \u2018army\u2019 is found on the Sinaia inscriptions several times meaning \u2018army\u2019 which is a cognate of the Greek form. In Mycenian a-mo\/ar-mo\u00a0 means wheel. Beekes shows that the Greek noun derives from a PIE *h2er- \u2018join\u2019 (GED, I, 133).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0a arma<\/em>,\u00a0armare<\/em>,\u00a0armat\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0armament<\/em>,\u00a0a \u00eenarma<\/em>,\u00a0\u00eenarmare<\/em>\u00a0etc.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      arm\u0103s\u1ea1r<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variant\u00a0<\/em>harm\u0103sar<\/em>) (n., masc.) \u2013 stallion.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0equus<\/em>\u00a0admissarius \u2018<\/em>stallion\u2019 (Schuchardt,\u00a0Vokal<\/em>., 1, 141; Philippide, 2, 361; Pu\u015fcariu, 126; Candrea-Densusianu, 93;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 177; Cioranescu, 414). One cannot explain the\u00a0r<\/em>\u00a0in the first syllable which is also present, in the Albanian cognate\u00a0harmeshuar<\/em>\u00a0(harmeshor<\/em>) \u2018stallion\u2019, which has been elided in Sardinianammesardzu<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019.\u00a0 From Romanian it was borrowed into Ukranian\u00a0harmasar<\/em>\u00a0(Miklosich,\u00a0Wander<\/em>., 16; Candrea,\u00a0Elemente<\/em>, 404).<\/p>\n

      On the other hand,, the dialectal form\u00a0armig<\/em>\u00a0 (harmig<\/em>) \u2018id\u2019 is considered by Hasdeu (Etym<\/em>.\u00a0Magnum<\/em>…) to be of Couman, Pecheneg or Avar origin (cf. Chagataikargamaq<\/em>\u00a0\u2018thoroughbred horse\u2019) influenced by\u00a0admissarius<\/em>. The initial\u00a0h<\/em>\u00a0in Albanian and some Romanian dialects cannot be explained as well. Romanianarm\u0103sar<\/strong>\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>(harm\u0103sar<\/em>) may be a contamination of Latin\u00a0admissarius<\/em>\u00a0with\u00a0armig<\/em>\u00a0which seems to be of Thraco-Illyrian origin.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      arn\u1ecbci<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(n., neut.)\u00a0\u2013<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>dyed cotton thread or fabric.<\/p>\n

      Cf. Serbo-Croatian\u00a0jarenica<\/em>, Bulgarian\u00a0<\/em>arni\u010d<\/em>, Hungarian\u00a0arninci<\/em>. Cioranescu (420) considers it of unknown origin, but he also states that it might be a defromation of\u00a0ur\u015finic<\/em>\u00a0\u2018velvet\u2019. From Romanian it was borowed into Bulgarian\u00a0arni\u010d<\/em>\u00a0(Capidan,\u00a0Raporturile<\/em>, 220) and Hungarian\u00a0arninc<\/em>\u00a0(Candrea,\u00a0Elemente<\/em>, 406). Unknown origin.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ar\u1ecdm\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0arum\u0103<\/em>) (n., fem.) \u2013 aroma, fragrance, perfume.<\/p>\n

      Medio-Greek\u00a0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1<\/em>\u00a0(Roesler, 664; Murnu, 7; Cioranescu, 421).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0aromatic<\/em>,\u00a0aromeal\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0aromatiza<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      arpac\u1ea1\u015f<\/strong>\u00a0(n., neut.) \u2013 pearl barley.<\/p>\n

      Hungarian\u00a0\u00e1rpa k\u00e1sa<\/em>,\u00a0<\/em>\u00e1rpa<\/em>\u00a0\u2018barley\u2019 and\u00a0k\u00e1sa<\/em>\u00a0\u2018groats\u2019 (DAR); cf. Turkish\u00a0arpa<\/em>\u00a0\u2018orz\u2019, Slovakian\u00a0arpaka\u0161a<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      arpag\u1ecbc<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(n., neut.)\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 1. chive, scallion; 2. bulb for planting.<\/p>\n

      Turkish\u00a0arpacik<\/em>\u00a0(sogani<\/em>) \u2018(onion like) small barley\u2019 (Cihac, II, 544); cf. Serbian\u00a0arpag\u012dk<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ars\u1ee5r\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(n., fem.)\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 1. burn, scald; 2. heartburn.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0arsura<\/em>\u00a0(Pu\u015fcariu, 130,\u00a0REW<\/em>; 682, Cioranescu, 431); cf. Italian, Provensal, Catalan\u00a0arsura<\/em>, Spanish\u00a0asura<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      It is attested in Medieval Latin\u00a0arsura<\/em>\u00a0\u2018fire, incendiu\u2019 (cf. Niermeyer, 82). De Mauro-Mancini (151) from which derives Italian\u00a0arsura<\/em>\u00a0\u2018drought\u2019 from Medieval Latin\u00a0arsura<\/em>(m<\/em>). There was no contacts between Romanian and Medieval Latin. One should consider\u00a0\u00a0arsur\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0a derivative of Romanian from a\u00a0<\/strong>arde<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018to burn\u2019 (seearde<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ar\u015f\u1ecbc<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0a\u015fic<\/em>) (n., neut.) (obs.) \u2013 knucklebone, dib.<\/p>\n

      Turkish\u00a0a\u015fik<\/em>\u00a0\u201eanklebone, knucklebone\u201d (\u015e\u0103ineanu, 2, 26; Cioranescu, 429); cf. Albanian\u00a0a<\/em>(s<\/em>)ik<\/em>, Bulgarian\u00a0asik<\/em>, Serbo-Croatian\u00a0arsik<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u1ea1r\u015fi\u0163\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(n., fem.) \u2013 1. intense\/scorching heat, dog days; 2. fever.<\/p>\n

      Latin *arsicia<\/em>\u00a0(Pu\u015fcariu, 129; Candrea-Densusianu, 80; Cioranescu, 430); cf. Italian\u00a0arsiccio<\/em>\u00a0\u2018burned place\u2019. The meaning of Romanian and Italian forms are different. It seems that it is a derivative of Romanian language from\u00a0arde<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018to burn\u2019, as it is the case of Italian (see\u00a0arde<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ar\u0163\u1ea1g<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variant\u00a0har\u0163ag<\/em>) (n., neut.) \u2013 quarrelsomeness, peevishness.<\/p>\n

      Hungarian\u00a0harcag<\/em>\u00a0(Philippide,\u00a0Principii<\/em>, 150; Cioranescu, 433). I could not verify Hungarian\u00a0harcag<\/em>, although there is a Hungarian\u00a0harc<\/em>\u00a0\u2018fight, conflict\u2019, which is the same with Romanian\u00a0har\u0163\u0103 \u2018<\/strong>skirmish, quarrel\u2019,\u00a0a h\u0103r\u0163ui<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to bother, to harrass\u2019 (ignored by Philippide), similar to French\u00a0harasser<\/em>\u00a0(cf. English\u00a0to harass<\/em>). The noun\u00a0<\/em>ar\u0163ag<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>is a derivative of\u00a0\u00a0har\u0163\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0(see\u00a0har\u0163\u0103<\/strong>) which is of imitative origin (cf.\u00a0h\u00e2r<\/strong>). The Hungarian form seems to be a loanword from Romanian. Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivative:\u00a0ar\u0163\u0103gos<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ar\u0163\u1ea1r<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(n., masc.)\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 mapple tree (Acer platanoides<\/em>).<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0acer<\/em>\u00a0\u2018mapple tree\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 131;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 91). The derivation is not possible. Instead, Cioranescu (434) proposes a Vulgar Latin *arcearius<\/em>, but one cannot accept his hypothesis since there are not other cognates in the Romance languages deriving from this etymon. G. Iv\u0103nescu shows that it derives from PIE *ak<\/strong>\u2019ar<\/strong>(n<\/strong>)os<\/strong>\u00a0or rather *alk<\/strong>\u2019arnos<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(ark<\/strong>\u2019arnos<\/strong>) (Thraco<\/em>–Dacica<\/em>, 1976; cf.\u00a0ILR<\/em>); cf. NHG\u00a0Ahorn \u2018<\/em>mapple tree\u2019, as well as German northern dialects\u00a0Alhorn<\/em>,Elhorn<\/em>\u00a0and Sanskrit\u00a0akr\u00e1h<\/em>\u00a0\u201eid\u201d.<\/p>\n

      He argues that\u00a0ar\u0163ar<\/strong>\u00a0cannot derive from Latin\u00a0acer<\/em>\u00a0or\u00a0*arciarum<\/em>, *arcearius<\/em>\u00a0because they would give *aciar<\/em>\u00a0or *arciar<\/em>, but not\u00a0ar\u0163ar.<\/strong>\u00a0Therefore, he considers it to be of Thraco-Dacian origin. Besides, the lateral\u00a0r<\/em>, in front of\u00a0\u0163<\/em>\u00a0cannot be explained. Furthermore, PIE\u00a0k<\/strong>\u2019 folowed by a front vowel turned into a\u00a0<\/em>\u021b<\/em>\u00a0as in other Romanian words of Thraco-Dacian origin (see\u00a0\u0163ep<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      arunc\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0aruc<\/em>,\u00a0arucare<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0runc<\/em>,\u00a0rucari<\/em>) (vb., I) \u2013 1. to throw (away), to hurl; 2. to drop, to drop off.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0runcare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to weed\u2019 (Cihac, 1, 17; Pascu, 1, 62;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 2908; Cioranescu, 443); cf. Italian\u00a0<\/em>arroncare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to weed\u2019. The meaning of\u00a0arunca<\/strong>\u00a0is somehow closer to Latin\u00a0ruo<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to fall, to rush, to hurry; to hurl down\u2019, but\u00a0ruo<\/em>\u00a0cannot be the etymon of Romanian\u00a0arunca<\/strong>.\u00a0 However, there are cognates in a few other Indo-European languages; cf. Latvian\u00a0ruket<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to snatch, to uproot\u2019, Irish\u00a0<\/em>urchar<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to throw\u2019, Sanskrit\u00a0<\/em>lu\u00f1cati<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to uproot, to peel off\u2019, all from PIE *reu<\/strong>-, *reuk<\/strong>– \u2018to uproot, to throw away\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 869). Thrace-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0aruncare<\/em>,\u00a0aruncat<\/em>,\u00a0arunc\u0103tor<\/em>,\u00a0arunc\u0103tur\u0103<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      arv\u1ee5n\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0arvun\u0103<\/em>) (n., fem.) \u2013 earnest (money).<\/p>\n

      Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03ce\u03bd<\/em>\u00a0> Latin\u00a0arr(h)a(bo)<\/em>\u00a0(Cioranescu, 446); cf. Italian\u00a0arra<\/em>, French\u00a0arrhes<\/em>, Spanish\u00a0arras<\/em>, Neo-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      Phonologically, Romanian\u00a0arvun\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0cannot derive from Latin. It is closer to the Greek forms, but it can be only a loanword from Medio-Greek or Neo-Greek, when\u00a0\u03b2<\/em>\u00a0was pronounced\u00a0v<\/em>. According to Boisacq (82), Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03ce\u03bd<\/em>\u00a0is a loanword from Hebrew\u00a0er\u0101b\u014dn<\/em>\u00a0\u2018pawn, deposit\u2019. From Romanian it was borrowed into Ukrainian\u00a0arawona<\/em>\u00a0(Miklosich,\u00a0Wander<\/em>., 12).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0a arvuni<\/em>,\u00a0arvunire<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      asc\u1eb9t<\/strong>\u00a0(variants\u00a0aschit<\/em>,\u00a0aschet<\/em>\u00a0(obs.))\u00a0 (n., masc.) \u2013 1. hermit, anchorite; 2. recluse.<\/p>\n

      Medio-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0(Cioranescu, 455) from Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0\u2018exercise\u2019 < Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ca\u03bd<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to practice, to exercise\u2019, attested since 17th century.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0ascetic<\/em>,\u00a0ascetism<\/em>,\u00a0ascez\u0103<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ascult\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0ascultu<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0acult<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0ascutu<\/em>) (vb., I) \u2013 1. to listen to; 2. to obey; 3. to believe; 4. to examine.<\/p>\n

      Vulgar Latin *ascultare<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0auscultare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to listen carefully\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 138; Candrea-Densusianu, 95;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 802; Cioranescu, 457); cf. Italian\u00a0ascoltare<\/em>, Old Frenchascouter<\/em>, Old Spanish\u00a0ascuchar<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0auscultare<\/em>\u00a0derives from PIE *k<\/strong>\u2019leu<\/strong>-,\u00a0k<\/strong>\u2019lu<\/strong>– \u2018to hear\u2019,\u00a0k<\/strong>\u2019leu<\/strong>–to<\/strong>–m<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018hearing\u2019,\u00a0<\/em>k<\/strong>\u2019luti<\/strong>,\u00a0<\/em>k<\/strong>\u2019lutos \u2018<\/strong>famous\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 605) found in most Indo-European language groups. Latin\u00a0auscultare<\/em>\u00a0seems to be the result of a contamination with\u00a0ausis<\/em>\u00a0\u2018ear\u2019 with an older *kluto<\/em>\u00a0> *culto<\/em>, *cultare<\/em>. Latin origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0ascultare<\/em>,\u00a0ascultat<\/em>,\u00a0ascult\u0103tor<\/em>\u00a0etc.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      asc\u1ee5nde<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0ascundu<\/em>, Megleo-Romanian\u00a0\u015fcund<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0ascundu<\/em>) \u2013 1. to hide, to conceal; 2. to cover, to mask.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0abscondere<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to conceal\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 139; Candrea-Densusianu, 97;\u00a0<\/em>REW<\/em>, 41); cf. Italian\u00a0ascondere<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Old Provensal, Old French\u00a0esconder<\/em>, Catalanascoudir<\/em>, Old Spanish\u00a0ascouder<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0abscondere<\/em>\u00a0is a derivative of\u00a0condo<\/em>, –ere<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to construct, to hide\u2019 from PIE *(s<\/strong>)keu<\/strong>-, (s<\/strong>)keud<\/strong>– \u2018to cover, to hide\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 952). The root is found also in Germanic languages; cf. Old English\u00a0hydan<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to hide\u2019, Old Icelandic\u00a0skaud<\/em>\u00a0\u2018sheath\u2019.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0<\/em>ascundere<\/em>,\u00a0ascuns<\/em>,\u00a0ascunzi\u015f<\/em>,\u00a0ascunz\u0103toare<\/em>,\u00a0ascunz\u0103tor<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ascu\u0163\u1ecb<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(vb., IV) \u2013 1. to sharpen; 2. to grind, to whet.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0acutus<\/em>\u00a0\u2018sharp\u2019 (Cihac, 1, 18) or Latin *excotire<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0cos, cotem<\/em>\u00a0\u2018flintstone\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 140; Densusianu,\u00a0Rom<\/em>. 33, 274;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 2275; Cioranescu, 459); cf. Italianaguzzare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to sharpen\u2019, Spanish\u00a0aguzar<\/em>, Old Porvensal, Portuguese\u00a0agusar<\/em>, French\u00a0aiguisser<\/em>\u00a0< Latin *acutiare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to sharpen\u2019, as well as Old Irish\u00a0acuit<\/em>\u00a0\u2018sharp\u2019. Corominas (1, 80) considers that the Spanish form derives from a Vulgar Latin *acutiare<\/em>\u00a0>\u00a0<\/em>acutus<\/em>. De Mauro-Mancini (51) also believes that Italian\u00a0aguzzare<\/em>derives from the same Vulgar Latin etymon *acutiare<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      Romanian\u00a0ascu\u0163i<\/strong>\u00a0does not derive from *excotire<\/em>, but from something similar *acutiare<\/em>, which is the etymon of the other Romance forms. There is a cognate in\u00a0 Albanian\u00a0cokas<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to sharpen\u2019. It belongs to a larger Romanian word family\u00a0<\/em>which includes\u00a0cu\u0163it \u2018<\/strong>knife\u2019 and\u00a0<\/strong>cute \u2018<\/strong>whetstone\u2019 (see\u00a0cu\u0163it<\/strong>,\u00a0cute<\/strong>)<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0ascu\u0163eal\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0ascu\u0163ime<\/em>,\u00a0ascu\u0163itur\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0ascu\u0163itor<\/em>,\u00a0ascu\u0163itoare<\/em>,\u00a0ascu\u0163i\u015f<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      asem\u0103n\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(vb., I) \u2013 1. to be alike, to resemble; 2. to compare.<\/p>\n

      Latin *assimilare<\/em>\u00a0(Diez,\u00a0Gramm<\/em>. 1, 189; Pu\u015fcariu, 134, Cioranescu, 461). In fact, Latin\u00a0<\/em>assimilare<\/em>\u00a0is not attested in (classical) Latin, only\u00a0assimulare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to resemble, to imitate\u2019 and\u00a0simulare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to imitate, to pretend\u2019 which makes a Latin origin less plausible.<\/p>\n

      In fact, the Romanian verb is a derivative of\u00a0sam\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018reckoning, account, kind, like, a number of, etc.\u2019 which is extremely productive in Romanian, with older meanings such as \u2018a number of, same number as\u2019 from PIE *som<\/strong>–o<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018same, together\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 903). The root is found in many Indo-European language groups (seesam\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0(seam\u0103<\/em>),\u00a0<\/strong>sem\u0103na<\/strong>). Pre-Roman origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0asem\u0103nare<\/em>,\u00a0a asemui<\/em>,\u00a0asemenea<\/em>,\u00a0<\/em>asem\u0103n\u0103tor<\/em>\u00a0etc.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      asfin\u0163\u1ecb\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variant\u00a0sfin\u0163i<\/em>) (vb., IV) \u2013 1. to set, to go down (about sun or other heavely bodies); 2. (fig.) to be on the wane, to be in decay.<\/p>\n

      From\u00a0sf\u00e2nt \u2018<\/strong>holy, saint\u2019\u00a0<\/strong>(Miklosich,\u00a0Slaw. Elem.<\/em>\u00a044, Cihac) or Latin *affingere<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0effingere<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to shape, to fashion, to portray\u2019 (Cioranescu, 465). The meaning of this Latin \u201cetymon\u201d is completely different and, therefore, Cioranescu\u2019s hypothesis cannot be accepted. However, the meaning of\u00a0asfin\u0163i<\/strong>\u00a0may be compared to the Neo-Greek expression\u00a0\u03ae\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b5\u03b9<\/em>\u00a0\u2018sun is setting\/is going down\u2019 (cf. Cioranescu), where the verb\u00a0\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03bd<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>is a derivative of\u00a0\u00a0\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03c2 \u2018<\/em>king, emperor\u2019. In other words, the verb may be associated with\u00a0\u00a0sf\u00e2nt<\/strong>\u00a0. Therefore, the meaning of this verb might be in connection with some old pagan beliefs associating sunsetting and dying on one hand and to be become holy\/immortal, on the other. According to Jordanes (Getica), Dacians venerated their (religious) leaders such as Zamolxis, Deceneus and others, as prophets during their lives and they were considered gods after their death. In fact,\u00a0<\/strong>sfin\u0163i<\/strong>\u00a0means both \u2018to set, to go down (about the heavenly bodies)\u2019 and \u2018to hallow, to sanctify, canonize, to consecrate\u2019\u00a0 (see\u00a0sf\u00e2nt<\/strong>). On the other hand, it is possible that this verb may have a different origin which one cannot grasp at this moment. Possible Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0asfin\u0163ire<\/em>,\u00a0asfin\u0163it<\/em>,\u00a0asfin\u0163it\u0103<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      asi\u1ea1tic<\/strong>\u00a0(variants\u00a0asiaticesc<\/em>,\u00a0asian<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>(obs.) (adj.; n. masc.) \u2013 Asian.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0asiaticus<\/em>\u00a0\u2018Asian\u2019. The form\u00a0asiaticesc<\/em>\u00a0is attested in the 16th century.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      as\u1ecbn<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variants\u00a0asen<\/em>,\u00a0as\u00e2n<\/em>\u00a0(obs.), istr.\u00a0\u0105sir<\/em>) (n., masc.) \u2013 donkey.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0asinus<\/em>\u00a0\u2018ass, donkey\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 135; Candrea-Densusianu, 100;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 704). It is possible that the form has been remodeled later. It is also possible to be a loanword from 15-16 centuries. In fact,\u00a0asin<\/strong>\u00a0is a bookish word, rarely used in everyday language. It seems it was introduced in Romanian through the religious literature. The usual word for \u2018donkey\u2019 in Romanian is\u00a0m\u0103gar<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(see\u00a0m\u0103gar<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

      According to Walde-Hoffmann (1, 72-73), Latin\u00a0asinus<\/em>\u00a0is a loanword from Thraco-Illyrian which borrowed it from a Middle East language. The root is found in many different languages; cf. Turkish, Tatar\u00a0esek<\/em>\u00a0\u2018donkey\u2019, Basque\u00a0astakilo<\/em>\u00a0\u2018donkey\u2019,\u00a0astoeme<\/em>\u00a0\u2018she-donkey\u2019, Hebrew\u00a0aton<\/em>\u00a0\u2018she-donkey\u2019.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      asmu\u0163\u1ecb<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variants\u00a0<\/em>a<\/em>(s<\/em>)mu\u0163a<\/em>,\u00a0sumu\u0163i<\/em>,\u00a0sumu\u0163a<\/em>) (vb., IV) \u2013 to hound at, to urge (on), to set (on).<\/p>\n

      Vulgar Latin\u00a0ex<\/em>–*mucciare<\/em>\u00a0(REW<\/em>, 5707; Candrea-Densusianu, 1197).\u00a0 Needless to say that this hypothesis makes no sense and it should be rejected. There is no attestation of this latin \u201cverb\u201d or something similar to it and there are no other cognates in any of the Romance languages. However, this verb seems to have a cognate in Lithuanian\u00a0atsmunti<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to reject, to chase back\u2019. The prefix\u00a0at<\/em>-, in Lithuanian, derives from PIE *ad<\/strong>, and it explains the initial\u00a0a<\/em>\u00a0of the Romanian form which derives from an older *ad<\/em>–smutire<\/em>. There are other such parallels between Lithuanian and Romanian (see\u00a0aminte<\/strong>). Both Romanian and Lithuanian forms seem to derive from PIE *smeit<\/strong>-,\u00a0smit<\/strong>– \u2018to throw\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 968); cf. Latin\u00a0mitto<\/em>, –ere<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to let go, to let run away, to send\u2019. Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0asmu\u0163ire<\/em>,\u00a0asmu\u0163it<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      asp\u1ecbd\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(n., fem.) \u2013 1. asp; 2. nagging woman.<\/p>\n

      Medio-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c3\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03b1<\/em>\u00a0(Cioranescu, 478); cf. OCS\u00a0aspida<\/em>, Spanish\u00a0aspid<\/em>, French\u00a0aspic<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      In fact, the real Greek noun is\u00a0\u03b1\u03c3\u03c0\u03af\u03c2<\/em>, –\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0\u2018asp\u2019, considered of obscure origin by Boisacq (90), but he associates it with Hebrew\u00a0\u015bepa<\/em>\u00a0\u2018asp\u2019. Corominas (1, 382) derives Spanish\u00a0aspid<\/em>\u00a0from Latin\u00a0aspis<\/em>, itself of Greek origin. It may have been a Balkan word, found in Greek and Thraco-Illyrian as well, which spread later to Latin and other European languages.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u1ea1spru<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0aspru<\/em>) (adj.) \u2013 1. hard, rough. 2. shaggy; 3. severe, stern; 4. brisk.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0asper<\/em>\u00a0\u2018rough, bitter, austere\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 146; Candrea-Densusianu, 191;\u00a0<\/em>REW<\/em>, 768; Cioranescu, 479); cf. Italian\u00a0aspro<\/em>, Provensal, Catalan\u00a0aspre<\/em>, Frenchapre<\/em>, Spanish, Portuguese\u00a0aspero<\/em>, as well as Albanian\u00a0ashp\u00ebr<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0<\/em>a<\/em>\u00a0(se<\/em>)\u00a0aspri<\/em>,\u00a0asprime<\/em>,\u00a0aspreal\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0a<\/em>\u00a0(se<\/em>)\u00a0\u00een\u0103spri<\/em>,\u00a0\u00een\u0103spreal\u0103<\/em>\u00a0etc.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ast\u00e2mp\u0103r\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variant\u00a0a st\u00e2mp\u0103ra<\/em>) (vb., I) \u2013 1. to quiet, to calm down; 2. to quench.<\/p>\n

      Latin *extemperare<\/em>\u00a0(Densusianu,\u00a0Rom<\/em>., 33; Pu\u015fcariu, 152;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 3082; Rosetti, 1, 163; Cioranescu, 486).<\/p>\n

      Vulgar Latin *extemperare<\/em>\u00a0is not attested (only\u00a0tempero,<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>–are<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to abstain, to be moderate, to mix properly\u2019 which is a cognate of\u00a0ast\u00e2mp\u0103r\u1ea1<\/strong>. There are no other cognates in Romance languages from *extemperare<\/em>. The prefix\u00a0ex<\/em>– in front of some verbs usually change the meaning or in some cases it gives the opposite meaning. In fact, in other Indo-European languages there are cognate with an intial (a)s-. Romnaian\u00a0ast\u00e2mp\u0103ra<\/strong>\u00a0is a derivative of a\u00a0st\u00e2mp\u0103ra<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      Benveniste (M\u00e9l. Vendryes<\/em>) associates Latin\u00a0<\/em>tempero<\/em>\u00a0with Sanskrit (aor.)\u00a0astambhit<\/em>\u00a0and Greek\u00a0\u00a0\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03c9<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to shake, to ill-treat\u2019 and proposes PIE *(s<\/strong>)temb<\/strong>(h<\/strong>) \u2018to heat, to break by hitting\u2019 as a common root and Boisacq (909) reconstructs PIE *stemb<\/strong>-,\u00a0stembh<\/strong>– for the Greek form associating it with OHG\u00a0stamfon<\/em>\u00a0and Old Norse\u00a0stappa<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to tread under foot, to crush\u2019 and I would add English to\u00a0<\/em>stamp<\/em>\u00a0(under one\u2019s foot). In Romanian there is the expression \u2018a st\u00e2mp\u0103ra focul\u2019 by crushing (partially) the embers. It is obvious that Romanian\u00a0ast\u00e2mp\u0103ra<\/strong>\u00a0is cognate with all these forms. Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0ast\u00e2mp\u0103rare<\/em>,\u00a0ast\u00e2mp\u0103r<\/em>,\u00a0ast\u00e2mp\u0103rat<\/em>,\u00a0neast\u00e2mp\u0103rat<\/em>, etc.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u1ea1stfel<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(adv.) \u2013 1. thus, in this way, like this; 2. therefore, hence.<\/p>\n

      A compound form from\u00a0ast<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>(\u0103st<\/em>) \u015fi\u00a0fel<\/strong>\u00a0(see\u00a0fel<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      astrah\u1ea1n<\/strong>\u00a0(variant\u00a0astracan<\/em>) (n., masc.) \u2013 Astrak(h)an fur.<\/p>\n

      From Russian\u00a0Astrahan<\/em>\u00a0\u2018city and province in Russia\u2019.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      astr\u0103g\u1ea1ci<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(n., neut.)\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 a shoemaker\u2019s tool used to stretch the sole shoes and boots and to turn over the bootleg.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0extrahere<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to drag out, to release\u2019\u00a0<\/em>(Philippide,\u00a0ZRPh.<\/em>, 1907, 294; Pascu,\u00a0Suf<\/em>., 198) or Hungarian\u00a0eszterg\u00e1zni<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to return\u2019 (Scriban; Cioranescu, 489); cf. Bulgarian\u00a0straga\u010d<\/em>. Cioranescu argues that the original Hungarian etymon was contaminated with Romanian\u00a0tr\u0103gaci<\/em>\u00a0\u2018trigger, cock\u2019, but it does not make any sense. In fact, both these nouns have similar from meaning and derive from a\u00a0trage<\/strong>.\u00a0 Regarding Latin\u00a0extrahere<\/em>, the Latin laryngeal\u00a0<\/em>h<\/em>\u00a0could not turn into a\u00a0<\/em>g<\/em>, in Romanian.\u00a0 In Roman Imperial time, the laryngeal was not pronounced anymore, facts ignored by these authors. On the other hand, a Hungarian etymon could not explain the Bulgarian form which is clearly a loanword from Romanian. Both these nouns\u00a0astr\u0103gaci<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0tr\u0103gaci<\/em>\u00a0are derivatives of a\u00a0trage<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018to pull, to draw\u2019 (seetrage<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      astrol\u1ea1b<\/strong>\u00a0(n., neut.) \u2013 astrolab.<\/p>\n

      Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>,\u00a0\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd<\/em>\u00a0(G\u00e1ldi,\u00a0Les mots<\/em>, 155) from\u00a0\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0\u2018star\u2019,\u00a0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to catch, to take\u2019; cf. French\u00a0astrolabe<\/em>. Attested since 17th century.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      astrol\u1ecdg<\/strong>\u00a0(n., masc.) \u2013 astrologer.<\/p>\n

      Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0(G\u00e1ldi,\u00a0Les mots<\/em>, 155) from\u00a0astro<\/em>–\u00a0<\/em>and <\u00a0\u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/em>; cf. French\u00a0astroloque<\/em>. Attested since 17th century.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives;\u00a0astrologhicesc<\/em>,\u00a0astrologic<\/em>,\u00a0astrologie<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      astron\u1ecdm<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(n., masc.) \u2013 astronomer.<\/p>\n

      Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0(G\u00e1ldi,\u00a0Les mots<\/em>, 155)\u00a0<\/em>din\u00a0astro<\/em>– (v.\u00a0astro<\/strong>-),\u00a0\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0\u2018law, custom\u2019 <\u00a0\u03bd\u03ad\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u2018<\/em>to control, to dominate\u2019; cf. French astronome (v.\u00a0neam<\/strong>\u00b9,\u00a0noim\u0103<\/strong>). Attested since 17th century.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0astronomicesc<\/em>,\u00a0astronomic<\/em>,\u00a0astronomie<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      astruc\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 1. to bury (obs.); 2. to cover.<\/p>\n

      Vulgar Latin *astru<\/em>(i<\/em>)care<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0astruere<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to build near, to add\u2019 (Meyer-L\u00fcbke,\u00a0<\/em>ZRPh<\/em>., 27, 253; Pu\u015fcariu, 153; Candrea-Densusianu, 106;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 748; Rosetti, I, 163).<\/p>\n

      The meaning of the putative Latin etymon is quite different and there no any Romance cognates. Latin\u00a0astruo<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>is a derivative of\u00a0struo<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to pile up, to build\u2019 from PIE *ste<\/strong>-,\u00a0stre<\/strong>-,\u00a0streu<\/strong>– \u2018to stretch, to spread\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 1029); cf. Avestan\u00a0star<\/em>\u00a0\u2018shelter, bed\u2019, Umbrian\u00a0stru\u00e7la<\/em>\u00a0as well as\u00a0 Latin\u00a0struix<\/em>\u00a0\u2018pile\u2019. The meaning of\u00a0 the derivative\u00a0astruc\u0103m\u00e2nt<\/em>\u00a0\u2018cover, blanket\u2019 (dial., Banat) is closer to the one of the original root. It seems to be of Thraco=Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0astrucare<\/em>,\u00a0astrucat<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      astup\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0astup<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian (a<\/em>)stup<\/em>, (h<\/em>)\u0103stup<\/em>) (vb., I) \u2013 1. to stop up, to close up, to obturate; 2. to cork.<\/p>\n

      Latin *adstuppare<\/em>\u00a0<\/em><\u00a0stuppa<\/em>\u00a0\u2018coarse hemp or flax\u2019 (Philippide,\u00a0Principii<\/em>, 99; Pu\u015fcariu, 154;\u00a0<\/em>REW<\/em>, 8333; Cioranescu, 495). Latin\u00a0stuppa<\/em>\u00a0is considered to be a loanword from Greek\u00a0\u03c3\u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03c0\u03b7<\/em>; cf. Albanian\u00a0shtup\u00eb<\/em>\u00a0\u2018coarse fibers\u2019.\u00a0 The root is found in other\u00a0 Indo-European language groups. In Germanic languages; cf. Dutchstoppen<\/em>, Old English, OHG\u00a0stopfon<\/em>\u00a0are all from Vulgar Latin *stuppare<\/em>. Other cognates in Celtic languages: cf. Breton\u00a0stouva<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to close, to stop up, to cork\u2019, Breton\u00a0stouv<\/em>\u00a0\u2018cork\u2019 come closer to Romanian\u00a0astupa<\/strong>\u00a0as well as Hittite\u00a0i\u0161tap<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to cover, to close\u2019. All these forms seem to derive from PIE *(s<\/strong>)teup<\/strong>– \u2018to push, to thrust, to close up\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 1034).\u00a0 Romanian\u00a0<\/strong>dop<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018cork\u2019 is related to these forms, but it has no c(see\u00a0dop<\/strong>). To sum up, the verb\u00a0astupa<\/strong>\u00a0may be either a derivative of Romanian language from Latin\u00a0stuppa<\/em>\u00a0or rather of Thraco-Illyrian origin since\u00a0<\/em>stuppa<\/em>\u00a0existed previously in Balkan languages. I should mention that Albanian\u00a0shtup\u00eb<\/em>\u00a0is not of Latin origin due to the fact Latin\u00a0s<\/em>\u00a0remains\u00a0s<\/em>\u00a0in Albanian, only the Proto-Indo-European *s<\/em>\u00a0turned into\u00a0sh<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>in Albanian.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0astup\u0103tur\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0astup\u0103toare<\/em>,\u00a0astup\u0103tor<\/em>,\u00a0astupu\u015f<\/em>,\u00a0destupa<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      asud\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0asud<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0sud<\/em>) (vb., I) \u2013 1. to sweat, to perspirate; 2. to steam, to become damp.<\/p>\n

      Latin *assudare<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>(Pu\u015fcariu, 155; Candrea-Densusianu, 107;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 3076; Rosetti). This putative Latin etymon is not attested and there are not any Romance cognates deriving from it. In Latin there is\u00a0sudo<\/em>\u00a0\u201eto sweat\u201d from which derive the Romance languages forms. The root is found in many other Indo-European languages: cf. Sanskrit\u00a0svidyati<\/em>,\u00a0svedate<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to sweat\u2019,\u00a0sveda<\/em>\u00a0\u2018sweat\u2019, Avestan\u00a0\u03c7vaeda<\/em>\u00a0\u2018sweat\u2019, Latvian\u00a0sviedri<\/em>\u00a0\u2018sweat\u2019, Greek (\u03b5<\/em>)\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, OHG\u00a0swissen<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to sweat\u2019 and so on, all from PIE *sueid<\/strong>– , with nominal forms *su<\/strong>(e<\/strong>)dro<\/strong>,\u00a0suoido \u2018<\/strong>sweat\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 1043) (see\u00a0sudoare \u2018<\/strong>sweat\u2019).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0asudare<\/em>,\u00a0asudat<\/em>,\u00a0asud\u0103tor<\/em>,\u00a0asud\u0103tur\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0neasudat<\/em>\u00a0etc.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      as\u1ee5pra<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0asupr\u0103<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0supr\u0103<\/em>) (adv.) \u2013 1. over, above; 2. against.<\/p>\n

      Latin *ad<\/em>–supra<\/em>\u00a0(Pu\u015fcariu, 156;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 200; Cioranescu, 497). There are no cognates in other Romance languages, except for Sardinian\u00a0assubra<\/em>. The root is found in many other Indo-European languages; cf. Sanskrit\u00a0upari<\/em>, Avestan\u00a0upari \u2018<\/em>above\u2019, Greek\u00a0\u03b0\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1<\/em>, Umbrian\u00a0super<\/em>,\u00a0subra<\/em>, Albanian\u00a0sip\u00ebr<\/em>\u00a0and so on, all from\u00a0<\/em>PIE *uper<\/strong>,\u00a0uperi \u2018<\/strong>over, above\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 1105).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0deasupra<\/em>,\u00a0a asupri<\/em>,\u00a0asuprire<\/em>,\u00a0asupreal\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0asupritor<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      asurz\u1ecb<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0asurdz\u0103scu<\/em>) (vb., IV) \u2013 1. to grow deaf; 2. to deafen.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0 *assurdire<\/em>\u00a0<\/em><\u00a0obsurdesco<\/em>\u00a0(Pu\u015fcariu, 157;\u00a0<\/em>REW<\/em>, 6024; Cioranescu, 498); cf. French\u00a0assourdir<\/em>, Italian\u00a0assordire<\/em>, as well as Albanian\u00a0shurd\u00ebr \u2018<\/em>deaf\u2019. It seems to be a derivative of\u00a0<\/strong>surd<\/strong>\u00a0(see\u00a0surd \u2018<\/strong>deaf\u2019).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0asurzire<\/em>,\u00a0asurzitor<\/em>,\u00a0asurzeal\u0103<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      a\u015f\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variants\u00a0a\u015fe<\/em>,\u00a0a\u015fea<\/em>, Aromanian\u00a0ac\u015fe<\/em>,\u00a0a\u015fi\u0163e<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0\u015fa<\/em>, Istro-Romanian (a<\/em>)\u015fo<\/em>) (adv.) \u2013 1. such, in this way, like this; 2. so.<\/p>\n

      Latin *ac sic<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0sic<\/em>\u00a0\u2018thus\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 133;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 7897; Cioranescu, 450); cf. Italian\u00a0cosi<\/em>, Spanish\u00a0asi<\/em>, Provensal\u00a0aissi<\/em>, as well as Sanskrit\u00a0<\/em>asan<\/em>\u00a0\u2018so and so\u2019, Sanskrit\u00a0ish<\/em>\u00a0\u2018so, also\u2019, Old Latin\u00a0suad \u2018<\/em>so\u2019, Greek\u00a0\u03ce\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, all from PIE *s\u016do<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018thus, so\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 884). The adverb\u00a0a\u015fa<\/strong>\u00a0cannot derive from Latin *ac sic<\/em>\u00a0or\u00a0sic<\/em>\u00a0which would not give\u00a0a\u015fa<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>in Romanian. Although there are some similar forms in other Romance languages, but they cannot not derive from the same Vulgar Lartin etymon. Romanian\u00a0a\u015fa<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>is closer to Old Latin\u00a0suad<\/em>\u00a0and PIE *s\u016do<\/strong>. It derives from an older *acsua<\/em>\u00a0> *asia<\/em>. It seems to be of pre-Roman origin.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      a\u015fad\u1ea1r<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(adv.) \u2013 therefore, hence.<\/p>\n

      It is a compound form from\u00a0a\u015fa<\/strong>\u00a0<\/em>and\u00a0dar<\/strong>\u00a0(see\u00a0a\u015fa<\/strong>,\u00a0dar<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018but\u2019,\u00a0iar \u2018<\/strong>but, and\u2019).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u1ea1\u015fchie<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0iascl\u2019\u0103<\/em>) (n., fem.) \u2013 chip, sliver, splinter.<\/p>\n

      Vulgar Latin *ascla<\/em>\u00a0< *astula<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0assula<\/em>\u00a0\u2018splinter, chip\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 136; Candrea-Densusianu, 94;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 736); cf. Vegliote\u00a0<\/em>jaska<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Napolitan\u00a0a\u0161ka<\/em>, Italian (dial.)aschia<\/em>,\u00a0 Italian\u00a0<\/em>ascola<\/em>, Spanish\u00a0astilla<\/em>, as well as Albanian\u00a0ashk\u00eb<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Neo-Greek\u00a0<\/em>\u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03bb\u03b1<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019.<\/p>\n

      As one may see the Romance forms presuppose many different Vulgar Latin etymons. Corominas (1, 284) derives Spanish\u00a0astilla<\/em>\u00a0from a Medieval Latin\u00a0ast\u0115lla \u2018<\/em>little chip or splinter\u2019, while different Italian dialects presuppose other etymons. Some of the Italian dialectal forms are closer to the Romanian and Albanian ones. The Neo-Greek form is a loanword from Aromanian. It seems to be of\u00a0 Thraco-Illyrian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0a a\u015fchia<\/em>,\u00a0a\u015fchiere<\/em>,\u00a0a\u015fchiu\u0163\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0a\u015fchioar\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0a\u015fchios<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      a\u015fez\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0a\u015fedz<\/em>) (vb., I) \u2013 1. to seat (someone), to sit down; 2. to place, to put, to set, to lay; 3. to pile, to stack; 4. to settle down, to lay down.<\/p>\n

      Latin *assediare<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0sedere<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to sit down\u2019\u00a0<\/em>(Hasdeu,\u00a0Etym<\/em>., 1992; Pu\u015fcariu, 142;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 721; Cioranescu, 464). The only Romance cognate seems to be Frenchasseoir<\/em>\u00a0< Vulgar Latin *assedere<\/em>\u00a0(cf. Dauzat, 51) (see\u00a0<\/strong>\u015fedea \u2018<\/strong>to sit\u2019).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0a\u015fezare<\/em>,\u00a0a\u015fezat<\/em>,\u00a0a\u015fez\u0103m\u00e2nt<\/em>,\u00a0a\u015fez\u0103tor<\/em>,\u00a0a\u015fez\u0103tur\u0103<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      a\u015fte\u1ea1m\u0103t<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(obs.) (adv.)\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 1. secretly, stealthly; 2. slowly, quitely.<\/p>\n

      It was associated with Latin\u00a0schema<\/em>\u00a0< Greek\u00a0\u03c3\u03c7\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1<\/em>\u00a0(Pu\u015fcariu,\u00a0Dacor<\/em>., 5, 411-420) or with\u00a0\u0161timati<\/em>\u00a0> Latin\u00a0aestimare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to estimate\u2019 (Iordan,\u00a0RF<\/em>, 2, 276). Needless to say that neither of\u00a0 these hypotheses can be accepted for either phonological or semantic reasons. Cioranescu (483) considers it to be of unknown origin. This word may be associated with PIE *tem<\/strong>(\u01dd<\/strong>)- \u2018dark\u2019 (IEW, 1063), found in many Indo-European languages with this meaning including Romanian\u00a0\u00eentuneca<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018to become dark\u2019,\u00a0\u00eentuneric<\/em>\u00a0\u2019dark\u2019. The root is found also in other Nostratic languages from Proto-Nostratic *t<\/strong>(\u02b0<\/strong>)am<\/strong>-, *t<\/strong>(\u02b0<\/strong>)\u01ddm<\/strong>– \u2018to cover over, to hide; to become dark\u2019 (B&K, 101). The meaning in some Afrasian languages is closer to\u00a0\u00a0a\u015fteam\u0103t<\/strong>; cf. Egyptian\u00a0<\/em>tms<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to hide, to cover, to bury\u2019, Coptic\u00a0<\/em>t\u014dms \u2018<\/em>to bury\u2019. Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      a\u015ftept\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromnian\u00a0a\u015fteptu<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0\u015ftet<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0a\u015fteptu<\/em>) (vb., I) \u2013 1. to wait (for), to await; 2. to expect; 3. to hope for.<\/p>\n

      Latin *adspectare<\/em>\u00a0> *astectare<\/em>\u00a0(Meyer-L\u00fcbke,\u00a0Gramm<\/em>. 1, 469; Pu\u015fcariu, 151; Densusianu,\u00a0Rom<\/em>., 33, 274; Candrea-Densusianu, 104;\u00a0<\/em>REW<\/em>, 3039; Cioranescu, 484); cf. Italian\u00a0aspettare<\/em>, Calabrian\u00a0astettare<\/em>. These putative Latin etymons have no attestation, although they are similar to Latin\u00a0expectare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to look out for, to wait for, to hope for\u2019, a derivative of\u00a0\u00a0spectare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to watch, to examine, to consider\u2019. All these forms derive from PIE *spek<\/strong>– \u2018to look at\u2019,\u00a0spek-to<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018to behold, to perceive, to sight\u2019; cf. Sanskrit\u00a0spa\u015bati<\/em>\u00a0(III, sg.) \u2018to see, to look at\u2019, Avestan\u00a0spasyeiti<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to look at\u2019, Greek\u00a0\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/em>\u00a0(I, sg.) \u2018to look at\u2019.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0a\u015fteptare<\/em>,\u00a0a\u015fteptat<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      a\u015ft\u1eb9rne<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0a\u015fternu<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0<\/em>\u015ftern<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0<\/em>(a)\u015fternu<\/em>) (vb., III) \u2013 1. to spread (out), to lay out; 2. to make one\u2019s bed; 3. to write down.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0asternere<\/em>\u00a0\u2018prostrate oneself\u2019 (Cipariu,\u00a0Gramm.,<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>107; Pu\u015fcariu, 151; Candrea-Densusianu, 105;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 8248; Cioranescu, 485). Latin\u00a0asterno<\/em>, –ere<\/em>\u00a0is a derivative of\u00a0sterno<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to spread, strew, scatter, lay out\u2019 which is semantically much closer to Romanian\u00a0a\u015fterne.<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>The root is found in many other Indo-European languages; cf. Greek\u00a0\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03bd\u03c5\u03c9<\/em>\u00a0\u201eto spread\u201d, Albanian\u00a0shtrin<\/em>\u00a0\u201eto spread\u201d, Old Irish\u00a0sernim<\/em>\u00a0\u201eto spread out, to lay out\u201d, which are also semantically closer to\u00a0a\u015fterne<\/strong>. All derive from PIE *ster<\/strong>-,\u00a0steru<\/strong>-,\u00a0streu<\/strong>– \u201eto spread (out), to lay out\u201d (IEW<\/em>, 1029). In other words this Romanian verb is rather a derivative from the root\u00a0stern<\/em>–o<\/em>\u00a0which might be of Latin or Thraco-Dacian origin, prefixed with\u00a0<\/em>a<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0a\u015fternere<\/em>,\u00a0a\u015fternut<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      at\u1ea1re<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0a(h)tare<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0<\/em>ftari<\/em>,\u00a0(h)tare<\/em>) (adv.) \u2013 such, as such.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0talis<\/em>\u00a0\u2018of such a kind\u2019 (Cioranescu, 502). Similar froms are found in other Romance languages; cf. Old French\u00a0<\/em>itel<\/em>\u00a0> French\u00a0tel<\/em>\u00a0\u2018such\u2019, Provensal\u00a0aital<\/em>, Old Spanish\u00a0atal<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>> Spanish\u00a0<\/em>tal<\/em>.\u00a0 All these forms seem to derive from a Vulgar Latin *atal<\/em>–i<\/em>; cf. OCS\u00a0tol\u016d<\/em>\u00a0\u2018thus, such\u2019.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      at\u00e2rn\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(vb., I) \u2013 to hang, to be suspended, to hang down.<\/p>\n

      According to Cihac (2, 476), it is a loanword from Hungarian\u00a0aterni<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to spread over\u2019, while Cioranescu (519) considers it of uncertain origin. This verb is found in all Romanian dialects and, therefore, it cannot be of Hungarian origin. On the other hand, Romanian\u00a0at\u00e2rna<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>is synonymous with\u00a0<\/strong>anina<\/strong>\u00a0and it seems they have the same origin, namely from from PIE *ar<\/strong>– \u2018to divide, to hang, to go up\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 61) through an older *arnina<\/em>\u00a0>\u00a0at\u00e2rna<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(see\u00a0anina<\/strong>). Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0at\u00e2rnat<\/em>,\u00a0at\u00e2rn\u0103toare<\/em>,\u00a0at\u00e2rn\u0103tur\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0neat\u00e2rnare<\/em>,\u00a0neat\u00e2rnat<\/em>,\u00a0t\u00e2rna\u0163<\/em>\u00a0\u201ebalcony, terrace\u201d(Trans.).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      at\u1eadt<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0aht\u00e2ntu<\/em>,\u00a0ah\u00e2t<\/em>,\u00a0at\u00e2nt<\/em>, mgl.\u00a0t\u0103ntu<\/em>) (adv.)\u00a0 \u2013 1. so much, so long; 2. as much as, as far.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0eccum tantum<\/em>\u00a0(Pu\u015facariu, 162; Densusianu,\u00a0Rom<\/em>. 33, 274; Candrea-Densusianu, 110;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 8562). Derivatives from Latin\u00a0tantus<\/em>\u00a0are found in all Romance languages.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0tantus<\/em>, –a<\/em>, –um<\/em>\u00a0\u2018so great\u2019 is derived from\u00a0tam<\/em>\u00a0\u2018equally\u2019, being reconstruceed after\u00a0quantus<\/em>\u00a0(cf. Walde, II, 648); cf. Oscan\u00a0e<\/em>–tanto<\/em>\u00a0\u2018tanta\u2019, Umbrian\u00a0e<\/em>–tantu<\/em>\u2018tanta\u2019. The initial\u00a0e<\/em>– in Oscan and Umbrian forms brings them closer to the Romanian ones. In other words, it is clearly not necessary to start from a Latin\u00a0eccum tantum<\/em>\u00a0to have Romanian\u00a0at\u00e2t<\/strong>. It seems to be of Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      at\u1ecbnge<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(vb., III)\u00a0 \u2013 1. to touch, to brush against; 2. to disturb, to trouble; 3. to offend; 4. to reach.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0attingere<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to touch, to reach, to attack\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 161; Candrea-Densusianu, 108;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 768); cf. Italian\u00a0attingere<\/em>, Old Provensal\u00a0atenher<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0attingere<\/em>\u00a0is a derivative of\u00a0tango \u2018<\/em>id\u2019 from PIE *tag<\/strong>– \u2018to touch, to take\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 1054); cf. Gothic\u00a0t\u0113kan<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to touch\u2019, Old Norse\u00a0taka<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to take\u2019, Old Irish\u00a0tongid<\/em>(III, sg.) \u2018to swear\u2019, cymr.\u00a0tyngu<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to swear\u2019.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0atingere<\/em>,\u00a0atins<\/em>,\u00a0ating\u0103tor<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      atl\u1ea1s<\/strong>\u00a0(n., neut.) \u2013 atlas, books of maps.<\/p>\n

      From\u00a0\u00a0Atlas \u2018<\/em>a titan of classical mythology\u2019 (since 17th century).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      at\u1ee5nci<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0atun\u0163ea<\/em>, Megleno-Roamanian\u00a0tun\u0163ea<\/em>, Istro-Romanian (a<\/em>)tun\u0163<\/em>) (adv.) \u2013 1. then, in that time; 2. consequently, therefore.<\/p>\n

      Latin *ad tunc ce<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0tunc<\/em>\u00a0\u2018then\u2019 (Philippide,\u00a0Principii<\/em>, 92; Pu\u015fcariu, 164; Candrea-Densusianu, 114;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 810; Cioranescu, 528). Similar forms are found only in the Romance languages from the Iberian Peninsula; cf. Catalan\u00a0adonchs<\/em>, Spanish\u00a0entonces<\/em>, Old Portuguese\u00a0entom<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      The form\u00a0<\/em>tunc<\/em>\u00a0was used until Rome\u2019s Republican times, later it was used\u00a0tum<\/em>, while\u00a0tunc<\/em>\u00a0was used only emphatically. In Medieval Latin appears the form\u00a0ad tunc<\/em>which could not possibly have any influence on Romanian. Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u1ea1\u0163\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(n., fem.) \u2013 1. thread, fiber; 2. directly, straight on.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0acia<\/em>\u00a0\u2018thread, yarn\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 158;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 102; Cioranescu, 500); cf. Italian\u00a0acia<\/em>, Calabrian\u00a0<\/em>azza<\/em>, Venetian\u00a0atssa<\/em>, Milanese\u00a0asa<\/em>, Engadine\u00a0<\/em>atsa<\/em>.\u00a0 In fact, Latinacia<\/em>\u00a0would give in Romanian \u00a0 \u00a0 *ace<\/em>\u00a0or something similar. Romanian form comes much closer to the Calabrian, Venetian and Engadine forms. Walde -Hoffmann(I, 8) derives\u00a0acia<\/em>\u00a0< *aquia<\/em>\u00a0from\u00a0acus<\/em>\u00a0\u201eneedle\u201d; cf. Armenian\u00a0as\u0142ani \u2018<\/em>thread\u2019,\u00a0ase\u0142n<\/em>\u00a0\u2018needle\u2019.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0a\u0163ic\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0a\u0163os<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      a\u0163\u00e2\u0163\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(adv.) \u2013 1. to light, to kindle; 2. to stir up, to instigate.<\/p>\n

      Latin *attitiar<\/em>e from\u00a0\u00a0titio<\/em>\u00a0\u2018firebrand, piece of\u00a0 burning wood\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu,\u00a0Lat. ti<\/em>, 40; Pu\u015fcariu, 163; Candrea-Densusianu, 111;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 769; Cioranescu, 521). Romanian\u00a0a\u0163\u00e2\u0163a<\/strong>\u00a0should be associated with\u00a0 a\u00a0<\/strong>\u00eente\u0163i<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018to grow, to kindle\u2019 (see\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>\u00eente\u0163i<\/strong>,\u00a0t\u0103ciune<\/strong>). The Latin etymon has no attestation and there are no other cognates in any of the Romance languages. It seems to be of pre-Roman origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0a\u0163\u00e2\u0163are<\/em>,\u00a0a\u0163\u00e2\u0163at<\/em>,\u00a0a\u0163\u00e2\u0163\u0103tor<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      a\u0163\u1ecbne<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(vb., III)\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 1. to be on the watch of somebody, to be in wait of somebody; 2. to be in watch for.<\/p>\n

      Lat. *attenare<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0attinere<\/em>\u00a0\u2018hold on\/to\/together\/back\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 160; Cioranescu, 515). It should be considered a derivative of Romanian from a\u00a0<\/strong>\u0163ine<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018to hold\u2019 (see\u0163ine<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      a\u0163ip\u1ecb<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(vb., IV) \u2013 to fall into a light sleep, to fall asleep.<\/p>\n

      Latin *adtepire<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0tepere<\/em>\u00a0\u201eto be warm, lukewarm\u201d (Rosetti, I, 163; Cioranescu, 317).<\/p>\n

      The Latin etymon has no attestation and there are no cognates in any of the Romance languages. On the other hand, the meanings are quite different. However, the verb\u00a0a\u0163ipi<\/strong>\u00a0might be associated with Latin\u00a0tepeo<\/em>\u00a0from PIE *tep<\/strong>– \u2018to be warm\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 1069) (see\u00a0topi \u2018<\/strong>to melt\u2019), although the association is only hypothetical. Uncertain origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0a\u0163ipire<\/em>,\u00a0a\u0163ipit<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u1ea1u<\/strong>\u00b9\u00a0<\/strong>(interj.)\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 ouch.<\/p>\n

      PIE *au<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018exclamation of pain or irritation\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 71); cf. Latin\u00a0au<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Sanskrit\u00a0o<\/em>,\u00a0 NHG\u00a0au<\/em>, Latvian\u00a0au<\/em>, Czech, Polish\u00a0au<\/em>\u00a0It has the same origin as\u00a0aoleo<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018ah, o my, oh dear\u2019 which cannot be explain through Latin (see\u00a0aoleo<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u1ea1u<\/strong>\u00b2 (obs.) (Aromanian\u00a0au<\/em>,\u00a0ai<\/em>) (conj.) \u2013 1. or; 2. possibly, perhaps.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0aut<\/em>\u00a0\u2018or\u2019 (Diez, 1, 292; Pu\u015fcariu, 165; Candrea-Densusianu, 114;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 810; Cioranescu, 529). Latin\u00a0aut<\/em>\u00a0should remain the same in Romanian.<\/p>\n

      Walde (1, 87) derives Latin\u00a0<\/em>aut<\/em>\u00a0from PIE *au<\/strong>; cf. Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03cd<\/em>\u00a0\u2018on the other hand, or\u2019, as well as Umbrian\u00a0ute<\/em>,\u00a0ote<\/em>\u00a0\u2018or\u2019, Oscan\u00a0outi<\/em>\u00a0\u2018or\u2019. Romanian\u00a0au<\/strong>\u00a0should be considered of\u00a0 Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

      \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \u1ea1u\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0(dial., obs.) (n., fem.)\u00a0 \u2013 grapes.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0\u016bva<\/em>\u00a0\u2018grape, cluster\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 166; Candrea-Densusianu, 117;\u00a0DAR<\/em>; Cioranescu, 530); cf. Italian, Spanish, Portuguese\u00a0uva<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Sardinian\u00a0ua<\/em>. The word was an archaism already in the 17th century, but still used today\u00a0 in Oltenia to define a variety of grapes (cf. Pu\u015fcariu,\u00a0Dacor<\/em>., 8, 324). This Romanian noun may be of Latin origin, but the derivation is not clear.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      audi\u1eb9n\u0163\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0(n., fem.) \u2013 audience.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0audientia<\/em>\u00a0(Cioranescu, 352) from\u00a0audire<\/em>\u00a0\u201eto hear\u201d (see\u00a0auzi<\/strong>). Since 17th century.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u1ea1ur<\/strong>\u00a0(Istro-Romanian\u00a0\u00a0aur<\/em>) (n.) \u2013 gold.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0<\/em>aurum<\/em>\u00a0\u2018gold\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 170; Candrea-Densusianu, 118;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 800; Cioranescu, 534).<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0aurum<\/em>\u00a0derive from an older Italic *auso<\/em>–m<\/em>, itself from PIE *aus<\/strong>–os<\/strong>\u00a0<\/em>\u2018<\/em>to be bright, gold, dawn\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 86). The root is found in many other Indo-European languages. In a number of other Indo-European languages it means \u2018gold\u2019 as well ; cf. Sabine\u00a0ausom<\/em>\u00a0\u2018gold\u2019, Old Prussian\u00a0ausis<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Tocharian A\u00a0w\u00e4s<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, as well as Irish\u00a0<\/em>or<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Welsh\u00a0aur<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Albanian\u00a0<\/em>ar<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, which, according to a number of linguists,\u00a0 are of Latin origin.<\/p>\n

      One should not forget that Dacia had huge gold deposits, the largest in Europe\u00a0 (which was the main reason why the Romans conquered Dacia (see Introduction)) and Dacians were great specialists in extracting and processing it. On the other hand, the form is found in a large number of different indo-European languages. It may be considered of Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0a auri<\/em>,\u00a0aurar<\/em>,\u00a0aur\u0103rie<\/em>,\u00a0aurit<\/em>,\u00a0daurit<\/em>,\u00a0auros<\/em>,\u00a0aurifer<\/em>\u00a0etc.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      a\u1ee5stru<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0austru<\/em>) (n., neut.)\u00a0 \u2013 south-western wind (in Romania).<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0auster<\/em>\u00a0\u2018south wind\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 174; Candrea-Densusianu, 113;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 807;\u00a0DAR<\/em>).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      a\u1ee5\u015f<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromniasn\u00a0au\u015f \u2018<\/em>grandfather, ancestor\u2019) (obs.) (n., masc.) – old man, grandfather.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0avus<\/em>\u00a0\u2018grandfather\u2019 (Candrea-Densusianu, 122;\u00a0<\/em>DAR<\/em>;\u00a0<\/em>REW,<\/em>\u00a0839; Cioranescu, 536) which derives from PIE *aweu<\/strong>-,\u00a0awyo<\/strong>-,\u00a0awo<\/strong>– \u2018grandfather\u2019 (Lehmann, A242); cf. Hittite\u00a0hahha\u0161<\/em>, Gothic\u00a0awo<\/em>\u00a0\u2018grandmother\u2019, Lithuanian\u00a0avynas<\/em>\u00a0\u2018grandfather\u2019, Welsh\u00a0<\/em>ewytr<\/em>, Old Irish\u00a0<\/em>ai<\/em>\u00a0\u2018grandfather\u2019, Armenian\u00a0hav<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019. Romanian bunic \u2018id\u2019 derives from the same root (see\u00a0bunic<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018grandfather\u2019).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      au\u015f\u1eb9l<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(n., masc.) \u2013\u00a0 (gold)-crested wren (Regulus cristatus<\/em>).<\/p>\n

      It was derived erroneously from\u00a0\u00a0au\u015f<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018old man, grandfather\u2019 (DAR; Cioranescu, 536), or from Latin *aucellus<\/em>\u00a0< avis \u2018bird\u2019 (Scriban Romanian *aucel<\/em>, not\u00a0<\/em>au\u015fel<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      It seems to derive from PIE *a\u016dei<\/strong>– \u2018bird\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 86); cf. Sanskrit\u00a0vih<\/em>\u00a0\u2018bird\u2019, Avestan\u00a0vi\u0161<\/em>\u00a0\u2018bird\u2019. Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      auz\u1ecb<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0avdu<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0ut<\/em>, Istgro-Romanian\u00a0ovdu<\/em>) (vb., IV) \u2013 1. to hear; 2. to find out.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0\u00a0audire<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to hear\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 167; Candrea-Densusianu, 124;\u00a0<\/em>REW<\/em>, 779; Cioranescu, 542). Pan-romanic.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0\u00a0auz<\/em>,\u00a0auzitor<\/em>,\u00a0neauzit<\/em>,\u00a0nemaiauzit<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      av\u1eadnt<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(n., neut.) \u2013 1. enthusiasm; 2. boom; 3. elan, momentum.<\/p>\n

      It is a derivative of\u00a0v\u00e2nt<\/strong>\u00a0\u201ewind\u201d prefixed with\u00a0a<\/em>\u00a0(Cioranescu, 553).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0a<\/em>\u00a0(se<\/em>)\u00a0av\u00e2nta<\/em>,\u00a0av\u00e2ntare<\/em>,\u00a0av\u00e2ntat<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ave\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0am<\/em>,\u00a0avui<\/em>,\u00a0avut<\/em>,\u00a0aveare<\/em>)\u00a0<\/strong>(vb., II) \u2013 1. to have, to possess; 2. to consist of.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0habere<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to have\u2019\u00a0<\/em>(Pu\u015fcariu, 72; Candrea-Densusianu, 126;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 3958; Cioranescu, 550); cf. Vegliote\u00a0avar<\/em>, Italian\u00a0avere<\/em>, French\u00a0avoir<\/em>, Spanish\u00a0haber<\/em>. Other Italic languagers have similar forms; cf.\u00a0 Umbrian\u00a0habe<\/em>\u00a0\u2018habet\u2019,\u00a0habiest<\/em>\u00a0\u2018habebit\u2019, Oscan\u00a0hafiest<\/em>\u00a0\u2018habebit\u2019.<\/p>\n

      I have to mention that some of the inflected forms of Romanian\u00a0<\/strong>verb a\u00a0avea<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>cannot derive from the equivalent (or other) forms of\u00a0 Latin\u00a0habeo<\/em>, –ere<\/em>. For instance, out\u00a0 the six forms of the present tense, only two can really derive from Latin. In other words, out of:\u00a0<\/em>am<\/em>\u00a0(I, sg),\u00a0<\/em>ai<\/em>\u00a0(II, sg),\u00a0are<\/em>\u00a0(III, sg),\u00a0avem<\/em>\u00a0(I, pl.),\u00a0ave\u0163i<\/em>\u00a0(II, pl.),au<\/em>\u00a0(III, pl.), only (I, pl.) and (II, pl.) forms match Latin ones, while the other four do not, especially (I, sg.) and (III, sg.). On the other hand,\u00a0am<\/em>\u00a0(I, sg.) matches well the equivalent Albanian form\u00a0kam<\/em>\u00a0(I, sg).<\/p>\n

      Proto-Indo-European had two similar roots: *ghabh<\/strong>– \u2018to catch, to take\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 408) and *kap<\/strong>– \u2018to catch\u2019 (IEW, 537) from which the forms of the verb \u2018to have\u2019 evolved in different Indo-European languages. According to Walde-Pokorny, Proto-Indo-European did not have the aspirated voiceless velar *k<\/strong>(\u02b0), while Bomhard-Kerns shows that it had it; cf. PIE *k<\/strong>(\u02b0<\/strong>)ap<\/strong>(\u02b0<\/strong>) \u2018to take, to seize\u2019 (B&K, 242). Furthermore, I have shown that Proto-Indo-European had this sound using evidence from Romanian and Albanian (see Introduction).<\/p>\n

      From these two roots different Indo-European languages developed either the forms of the verb \u2018to have\u2019 or for the verb \u2018to catch, to take\u2019. It is no doubt that in Albanian and Celtic languages the verb \u2018to have\u2019 derive from PIE *k<\/strong>(\u02b0<\/strong>)ap<\/strong>(\u02b0<\/strong>): cf. Albanian\u00a0ka<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to have\u2019, Cornish\u00a0caffos<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to have\u2019, Middle Breton\u00a0caf<\/em>(f<\/em>)out<\/em>, Bretonkavout<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, while PIE *ghabh<\/strong>– gave verbs for \u2018to catch, to take\u2019 in Celtic languages; cf. Old Irish\u00a0gaibim<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to take, to grab\u2019.<\/p>\n

      In Latin the situation is the other way around, where from PIE *ghabh<\/strong>\u00a0> Latin\u00a0habere<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to have\u2019, while PIE *k<\/strong>(\u02b0<\/strong>)ap<\/strong>(\u02b0<\/strong>) > Latin\u00a0\u00a0capio<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to take, to seize\u2019 (cf. B&K, 242). Germanic languages are split in two: the east Germanic such as Gothic follows the same route as Italic langauges; cf. Gothic\u00a0geben<\/em>\u00a0\u2018wealth\u2019, while in western Germanic languages the verbal forms for \u2018to have\u2019 derive from a PIE\u00a0<\/strong>*k<\/strong>(\u02b0<\/strong>)ap<\/strong>(\u02b0<\/strong>); cf. OHG\u00a0haben<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to have\u2019, Old Islandic\u00a0hafa<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Old English\u00a0habban<\/em>\u2018id\u2019, Old Frisian\u00a0habba<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Old Norse\u00a0habbean<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019.<\/p>\n

      Regarding Thraco-Illyrian, one may safely assume that the verbs for \u2018to have\u2019 derived from PIE *\u00a0<\/strong>k<\/strong>(\u02b0<\/strong>)ap<\/strong>(\u02b0<\/strong>), as clearly indicates Albanian\u00a0<\/em>ka<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to have\u2019, while regarding Romanian a\u00a0avea<\/strong>, as I said already we may assume that it could be a mixture between Latin\u00a0habere<\/em>\u00a0and the original Thraco-Dacian verb for \u2018to have\u2019, if not of Thraco-Dacian origin altogether. Vladimir Orel (2000) shows that PIE *k<\/strong>\u00a0and *k<\/strong>(\u02b0<\/strong>) turned into\u00a0k<\/em>, in Proto-Albanian. On the other hand, I have shown (see Introduction) that Proto-Indo-European had the sound *k<\/strong>(\u02b0<\/strong>) which turned into the laryngeal\u00a0<\/em>h<\/em>\u00a0in Thraco-Dacian and preserved as such in Romanian, which, in some instances, it has fallen out. From the other PIE root *ghabh<\/strong>-, we have Romanian a\u00a0g\u0103bui<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018to catch\u2019, where PIE *gh<\/strong>\u00a0turned into\u00a0g<\/strong>\u00a0(see Intro) (see\u00a0g\u0103bui<\/strong>,dibui<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

      Furthermore, before ending this discussion, I have to show that a similar root was reconstructed by Orel for Afrasian languages, namely AA *qam<\/strong>– \u2018to possess, to hold\u2019 (Hamito-Semitic<\/em>…, 1995, 2033); cf. Egyptian\u00a0hvm<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to possess, to hold\u2019, Old Chadic *qam<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to hold\u2019. These Afrasian forms remind us Albanian\u00a0kam<\/em>\u00a0\u2018I have\u2019 and Romanian (eu)\u00a0am<\/em>\u00a0\u2018I have\u2019. These are definitely not mere coincidences, but we are still far to fully understand these matters which need more investigations, but an ampler discussion is beyond the scope of this etymological dictionary.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0avere<\/em>,\u00a0avut<\/em>,\u00a0<\/em>avu\u0163ie<\/em>,\u00a0a \u00eenavu\u0163i<\/em>,\u00a0neavut<\/em>,\u00a0neavere<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      avr\u0103me\u1ea1s\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0(n., fem.) \u2013 hedge\/water hyssop (Gratiola afficinalis<\/em>).<\/p>\n

      Bulgarian, Russian\u00a0avram<\/em>\u00a0(DAR<\/em>; Pascu,\u00a0Suf<\/em>., 26; Cioranescu, 558) or from\u00a0\u00a0Avram<\/em>\u00a0\u2018Abraham\u2019 (Tagliavini, Arch. Rom. XII; 167).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u1ea1x\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0(n., fem.) \u2013 axis.<\/p>\n

      Grekek\u00a0\u03ac\u03be\u03c9\u03bd \u2018id\u2019<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>(G\u00e1ldi,\u00a0Les mots<\/em>, 156; Cioranescu, 559). Attested since 17th century<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0axial<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      axi\u1ecdm\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(n., fem.)\u00a0 \u2013 axiom.<\/p>\n

      Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03be\u03af\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1<\/em>\u00a0(G\u00e1ldi,\u00a0Les mots<\/em>, 156) from\u00a0\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to be considered worthy of\u2019; cf. French\u00a0axiome<\/em>. Since 17th century.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0axiomatic<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u1ea1zi<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0az\u0103<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0az\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0as<\/em>) (adv.) \u2013 today.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0\u00a0hac die<\/em>\u00a0 > *hadie<\/em>\u00a0which replaced\u00a0\u00a0hodie \u2018<\/em>today\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 176;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 4163).<\/p>\n

      Pu\u015fcariu\u2019s explanation does not take into account the Aromanian and Megleno-Romanian forms which do not fit into his hypothesis. Romanian\u00a0azi<\/strong>\u00a0is a derivative of\u00a0zi<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018day\u2019 prefixed by\u00a0a<\/em>\u00a0(see\u00a0<\/em>zi<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0ast\u0103zi<\/em>\u00a0\u201eid\u201d.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      az\u1ecbm\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0(variant\u00a0azm\u0103<\/em>, Aromanian\u00a0adz\u00eem\u0103<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0azim<\/em>) (n., fem.) \u2013 unleavened bread.<\/p>\n

      Greek\u00a0\u03ac\u03b6\u03c5\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0(Murnu, 9, Diculescu,\u00a0Elementele<\/em>, 472; Cioranescu, 566). This type of bread is used in some church rituals. Cioranescu shows that this word was introduced in the first centuries of the Christian era. It is present in some other Romance languages and dialects; cf. Calabrian\u00a0\u00e1yimo<\/em>, Venetian\u00a0azme<\/em>, Portugueseasmo<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      azv\u00e2rl\u1ecb<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variant\u00a0zv\u00e2rli,<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>Aromanian\u00a0<\/em>azv\u00eerlescu<\/em>) (vb., IV) \u2013 to fling, to throw out\/away.<\/p>\n

      It is of imitative nature from the interjection\u00a0zv\u00e2r<\/em>\u00a0\u2018it imitates the noise made by a thrown object\u2019, suffixed with –li.\u00a0<\/em>\u00a0Bulgarian\u00a0v\u0103rliam<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>and\u00a0<\/em>Serbo-Croatian\u00a0vrljti<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>are loanwords form Romanian.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0azv\u00e2rlit\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0azv\u00e2rlitur\u0103<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      alif\u1ecbe<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0alfie<\/em>) (n., fem.) \u2013 ointment, salve, unguent.<\/p>\n

      Neo-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c6\u03ae<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 (Roesler, 564; Cioranescu, 200).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      alin\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(vb., I) \u2013\u00a0<\/strong>1.\u00a0<\/strong>to temper, to mitigate, to allievate; 2. to appease, to soothe.<\/p>\n

      Latin *allenare<\/em>\u00a0<\/strong>(Pu\u015fcariu, 62; Candrea-Densusianu, 989; Rosetti, 1, 79).<\/p>\n

      The Latin etymon has no attestation, while Sardinian\u00a0allenare \u2018<\/em>to teach, to instrucrt, to train\u2019 is not a cognate since it has a totally different meaning. It is related tolin<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<\/strong>alinta<\/strong>, all from PIE *leno<\/strong>– \u2018weak, soft\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 667) (see\u00a0alinta<\/strong>,\u00a0lin<\/strong>). Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0alinare<\/em>,\u00a0alinat<\/em>,\u00a0alin\u0103tor<\/em>,\u00a0alin\u0103tur\u0103<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      alint\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(vb., I)\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 1. to caress, to fondle; 2. to spoil; 3. to frolic.<\/p>\n

      Latin *allentare<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0lenis<\/em>\u00a0\u2018soft, smooth, gentle, calm\u2019 (Candrea-Densusianu, 990) or from Latin\u00a0lentus \u2018<\/em>slow, flexible\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 64;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 257). Italian\u00a0allentare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to loosen, to relax\u2019 and Romanian\u00a0alinta<\/strong>\u00a0do not seem to derive from a common Vulgar Latin etymon. This verb is related to a\u00a0alina<\/strong>\u00a0from the same PIE root *leno<\/strong>– \u2018weak, soft\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 667) (see\u00a0alina<\/strong>,\u00a0lin<\/strong>,\u00a0lene<\/strong>,\u00a0lini\u015fte<\/strong>). Thabo-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0alint<\/em>,\u00a0alintare<\/em>,\u00a0alint\u0103tur\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0alint\u0103tor<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ali\u015fver\u1ecb\u015f<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0ali\u015fveri\u015fe<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0ali\u015fv\u0103ro\u015f<\/em>) (obs.) (n., neut.) \u2013 commerce, trade, business.<\/p>\n

      Turkish\u00a0ali\u015fveri\u015f<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0al\u0131s<\/em>\u00a0\u2018gift\u2019 and\u00a0ver\u0131s<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to take\u2019 (Roesler, 587; \u015e\u0103ineanu, 2, 17; Cioranescu, 209); cf. Neo-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9<\/em>, Albanian\u00a0alishverish<\/em>, Bulgarianali\u0161veri\u0161<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      alt<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0altu<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0ot<\/em>) (pron.) \u2013 other.<\/p>\n

      Latin *altru<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0alter<\/em>\u00a0\u2018other\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 67; Candrea-Densusianu., 48;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 382). Panromanic; cf. Sardianian\u00a0altu<\/em>\u00a0\u2018other\u2019. The root is found in other Indo-European languages; cf. Oscan\u00a0allo<\/em>,\u00a0altram<\/em>, Greek\u00a0\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0\u2018other\u2019, Welsh\u00a0aile<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Breton all \u2018id\u2019, Lithuanian\u00a0autra<\/em>\u00a0(adv.) \u2018secondly\u2019, Armenian\u00a0ail<\/em>\u00a0\u2018other\u2019. All these forms derive PIE *alio<\/strong>–s<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018other\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 25; Walde, 1, 30).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      alt\u1ea1r<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0altar<\/em>,\u00a0altare<\/em>) (n., neut.) \u2013 altar.<\/p>\n

      Latin *altarium<\/em>\u00a0 \u2018altar\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 68; Candrea-Densusianu, 49;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 381); Panromanic; cf. Albanian\u00a0liter<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019. From OCS\u00a0ol\u016dtar\u012d<\/em>\u00a0(Miklosich,\u00a0Slaw<\/em>.\u00a0Elem<\/em>., 33; Cihac, 2, 227; G\u00e1ldi, 148); cf. Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian, Russian, Czech, Hungarian\u00a0oltar<\/em>. The word entered in Proto-Romanian along with other terms regarding Christian belief. From Romanian it was borrowed into Old Church Slavonic and other neighboring languages.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      alt\u1ecb\u0163\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(n., fem.) \u2013 stream of ornaments on a traditional shirt or blouse.<\/p>\n

      Serbo-Croatian\u00a0latica<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>(Cihac, 2, 24; Hasdeu,\u00a0Etym<\/em>.) or Latin\u00a0altitia<\/em>\u00a0\u2018height\u2019 (Cioranescu, 219); cf. Italian\u00a0altezza<\/em>\u00a0\u2018height\u2019. Serbo-Croatian\u00a0latice<\/em>\u00a0displays the metathesis of the lateral, a phonological feature specific to Slavic languages. If Romanian would have borrowed it from Serbo-Croatian would have kept it as such. Therefore, Serbo-Croatian borrowed it from Romanian, not the other way around.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0altitia<\/em>\u00a0was rarely used. According to Cioranescu, the term is justifed by the fact that such an embroideries are found on the upper part of the sleeve of the traditional Romanian shirts. The term seems to be a derivative of Romanian from the root\u00a0<\/em>alt<\/em>– as in\u00a0\u00eenalt<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018high, tall\u2019 (see\u00a0\u00eenalt<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u1ea1ltfel<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(adv.) \u2013\u00a0<\/strong>1. in a different way; 2. otherwise.<\/p>\n

      It is a compound form from\u00a0alt<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018other\u2019 and\u00a0fel \u2018<\/strong>kind, type\u2019\u00a0<\/em>(see\u00a0alt<\/strong>,\u00a0fel<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      altm\u1ecbnteri<\/strong>\u00a0(variants\u00a0altminterea<\/em>,\u00a0altmintrelea<\/em>\u00a0etc) (adv.) \u2013 otherwise, in a different manner.<\/p>\n

      Latin *\u00a0alia\u00a0 mente<\/em>\u00a0(Cipariu,\u00a0Gramm.,<\/em>\u00a0II, 40; Hasdeu,\u00a0Etym<\/em>.; Pu\u015fcariu, 44; Pu\u015fcariu,\u00a0Dacor<\/em>., 3, 397; Candrea-Densusianu, 1133; Rosetti, 1, 114; Cioranescu, 220). The term is rather a derivative of Romanian from\u00a0alt<\/strong>\u00a0and the verbal root\u00a0mint-<\/em>\u00a0as in\u00a0minte<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018mind\u2019 and a\u00a0<\/strong>aminti \u2018<\/strong>to remember\u2019 (see\u00a0\u00a0alt<\/strong>,\u00a0minte<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      alto\u1ecb<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(vb., IV) \u2013 1. to graft;\u00a0 2. to beat, to hit (fig.).<\/p>\n

      Hungarian\u00a0oltv\u00e1ny<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to graft\u2019 (G\u00e1ldi, 83; Cioranescu, 221).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0a altoi<\/em>,\u00a0altoial\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0port<\/em>–altoi<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      alu\u1ea1t<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variants\u00a0alo\u0163el<\/em>,\u00a0al\u0103u\u0163el<\/em>, Aromanian\u00a0aluat<\/em>,\u00a0aloat<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0lu\u0163ol<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0aluot<\/em>) (n., neut.)\u00a0 \u2013 dough.<\/p>\n

      Latin *allevatum<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0allevare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to raise\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 69; Candrea-Densusianu, 1008;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 360).<\/p>\n

      The putative Latin etymon has no attestation and there are no cognates in any Romance languages. On the other hand, the Megleno-Romanian\u00a0lu\u0163ol<\/em>\u00a0cannot be explained by Latin *allevatum<\/em>. Romanain\u00a0aluat<\/strong>\u00a0seems to derive from PIE *lei<\/strong>– \u2018soft, sticky\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 662), with a formant in –t<\/strong>, *lei<\/strong>–t<\/strong>, prefixed with the preposition *ad<\/strong>; cf. Lithuanian\u00a0lyteti<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to touch, to spread\u2019, Latvian\u00a0l\u00e0it\u00eat<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to spread\u2019. Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      al\u1ee5n\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0alun\u0103<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0alure<\/em>) (n., fem.)\u00a0 \u2013 hazelnut (Corylus avellana<\/em>).<\/p>\n

      Lat. *abellona<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0abellana<\/em>\u00a0\u2018hazelnut\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 70; Candrea-Densusianu, 51;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 17); cf. Italian\u00a0avellana<\/em>, Spanish\u00a0avellana<\/em>, Catalan\u00a0vellana<\/em>, Provensal\u00a0aulona<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      They say that Latin\u00a0abellana<\/em>\u00a0derives from the place-name\u00a0Abella<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>(Italian\u00a0Avella<\/em>). Walde-Hoffmann (1, 3) shows that Old Latin form was (nux<\/em>)\u00a0aulena<\/em>\u00a0where intervocalic\u00a0u<\/em>\u00a0turned into\u00a0b<\/em>\u00a0in Classical Latin. This fact may shed some light on the fact that Latin intervocalic\u00a0b<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>(v<\/em>) has \u2018disappeared\u2019 in Romanian (see\u00a0cal<\/strong>\u2018horse\u2019). On the other hand, I have to mention that\u00a0b<\/em>\u00a0(v<\/em>) were not elided when they were present in Proto-Indo-European (see\u00a0\u00a0abur \u2018<\/strong>steam\u2019,\u00a0avea<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018to have\u2019 etc.).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0<\/em>alun<\/em>,\u00a0<\/em>aluni\u015f<\/em>,\u00a0aluni\u0163\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0alunel<\/em>,\u00a0alunar<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      alunec\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0(variant\u00a0<\/em>a luneca,<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>Aromanian\u00a0<\/em>alunic<\/em>) (vb., I) \u2013 to slide, to slip.<\/p>\n

      Latin *lubricare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to lubricate\u2019 <\u00a0lubricus<\/em>\u00a0\u2018slippery, deceitful\u2019 (Philippide,\u00a0Principii<\/em>, 98; Pu\u015fcariu, 997; Candrea-Densusianu, 1021; Pascu, 1, 38;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 5132; Cioranescu, 4944) or Latin *lunicare<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0luna<\/em>\u00a0\u2018moon\u2019 (Meyer,\u00a0Alb.<\/em>\u00a0St<\/em>., 4, 36). None of these two etymologies can be accepted. In the first case, the derivation is not possible, in the second the meaning of the putative etymon has nothing to do with the Romanian verb\u00a0aluneca<\/strong>\u00a0which derives from PIE *lei<\/strong>– \u2018slippery, greasy, to slide\u2019,\u00a0slimno<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018slippery\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 662), prefixed with the preposition *ad<\/strong>. Cognates are found in many different Indo-European languages; cf. Sanskrit\u00a0lindu<\/em>\u2018slippery\u2019, Latin\u00a0\u00a0<\/em>lino<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to soil\u2019, Old Irish\u00a0slemun \u2018<\/em>soft, slippery\u2019, Lithuanian\u00a0lendu<\/em>, li\u0161ti \u2018to slide\u2019. Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0alunecare<\/em>,\u00a0alunecos<\/em>,\u00a0alunecu\u015f<\/em>,\u00a0alunecat<\/em>,\u00a0alunec\u0103tur\u0103<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      alung\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(vb., I) \u2013\u00a0<\/strong>to chase (away).<\/p>\n

      Latin *allongare<\/em>\u00a0(Pu\u015fcariu, 71; Candrea-Densusianu, 1024;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 1853; Cioranescu, 234). The Latin etymon does not exist and there are not any cognates in other Romanace languages.<\/p>\n

      Romanian\u00a0alunga<\/strong>\u00a0seems to be cognate with Latin\u00a0abigo \u2018<\/em>to chase\u2019, as well as same as Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03c9<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to chase\u2019 and Sanskrit\u00a0apa<\/em>–ajati \u2018<\/em>to chase\u2019, which are compound forms from PIE *apo<\/strong>– \u2018behind, after\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 53) and PIE *ago<\/strong>– \u2018to drive\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 4), therefore a *apo-ago<\/em>\u00a0> *apago<\/em>. The evolution of Romanian\u00a0 aalunga<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>is not clear, but it seems it is the result of a contamination with\u00a0<\/strong>lung<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018long\u2019 or other unknown word. The whole evolution is not clear. It seems to be of Thrace-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0alungare<\/em>,\u00a0alung\u0103tor<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      am\u1ea1n<\/strong>\u00a0(interj.) (obs.) \u2013 mercy!, woe!<\/p>\n

      Turkish\u00a0aman<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 < Arab\u00a0\u0101man<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 (\u015e\u0103ineanu, II, 18; Cioranescu, 228); cf. Albanian, Bulgarian\u00a0aman<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019. French\u00a0aman<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>and Spanish\u00a0am\u00e1n<\/em>\u00a0are loanwords from Arabic (cf. Cioranescu).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      aman\u1eb9t<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0am\u00e2nete<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0amanet<\/em>) (n., neut.) \u2013 warranty, pawn.<\/p>\n

      Turkish\u00a0amanet < emanet<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 (Roesler, 587; \u015e\u0103ineanu, II, 19; Cioranescu, 230); cf. Neo-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03c4\u03b9<\/em>, Albanian, Bulgarian, Serbian\u00a0amanet<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>\u2018id\u2019.<\/p>\n

      Derivative:\u00a0a amaneta<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      am\u1ea1r<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0amar<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0(an)mar<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0am\u00e5r<\/em>) (adj.) \u2013 1. bitter; 2. trouble, suffering.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0amarus<\/em>\u00a0\u2018bitter\u2019\u00a0<\/em>(Pu\u015fcariu, 73; Candrea-Densusianu, 53;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 406; Cioranescu, 233); cf. Italian\u00a0amaro<\/em>, French\u00a0amer<\/em>, Spanish\u00a0amargo<\/em>, Vegliote\u00a0amnar<\/em>\u00a0as well as Middle Irish\u00a0amar \u2018<\/em>trouble, suffering\u2019 which may be a loanword from Latin. It seems to be of Latin origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0a am\u0103r\u00ee<\/em>,\u00a0am\u0103r\u00e2ciune<\/em>,\u00a0am\u0103r\u00e2t<\/em>\u00a0etc.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      am\u0103g\u1ecb<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0amaie<\/em>\u00a0\u201ewitchcraft\u201d) (vb., IV) \u2013 1. to cheat; 2. to tempt.<\/p>\n

      Greek\u00a0\u03bc\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03cd\u03c9<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to bewitch, to enchant\u2019 (Hasdeu,\u00a0Etym<\/em>.; Diculescu,\u00a0Elem<\/em>., 474; Rosetti, 2, 66; Cioranescu, 227).<\/p>\n

      Boisacq (597) shows that\u00a0\u03bc\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03b9<\/em>\u00a0\u2018magi\u2019 as well as\u00a0\u03bc\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03cd\u03c9<\/em>\u00a0derive from Old Persian\u00a0magu\u0161<\/em>. The Magi were the caste of priests in ancient Media (cf. Herodotus, 1,101).<\/p>\n

      The initial\u00a0<\/strong>a<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>of the Romanian verb cannot be explained if it would be a loanword from Greek. However, it has a cognate in the\u00a0 Sardinian (Logudorian dialect)ammajare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to bewitch\u2019. There is no Latin equivalent or any other Romance language. In Romanian and Sardinian are of pre-Roman origin, from the same root as the Old Persian\u00a0magu\u0161<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>is coming from.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0am\u0103gire<\/em>,\u00a0am\u0103geal\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0am\u0103gitor<\/em>,\u00a0am\u0103git<\/em>,\u00a0a dezam\u0103gi<\/em>,\u00a0dezam\u0103gire<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      am\u0103n\u1ee5nt<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(n., neut.) \u2013\u00a0<\/strong>detail.<\/p>\n

      A derivative of\u00a0m\u0103runt \u2018<\/strong>small\u2019, prefixed with\u00a0a<\/em>\u00a0(cf. Cioranescu, 232) (see\u00a0m\u0103runt<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0a am\u0103nun\u0163i<\/em>,\u00a0am\u0103nun\u0163it<\/em>,\u00a0am\u0103nun\u0163ime<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      am\u00e2n\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0am\u00e2n<\/em>) (vb., I) \u2013 1. to postpone, to delay; 2. to adjourn.<\/p>\n

      Latin *ad mane<\/em>\u00a0(Pu\u015fcariu, 79;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 2924; Cioranescu, 249). The putative Latin etymon is not a verb, but an adverb which eventually turned into a verb and second, there are\u00a0 no cogantes in any of the Romance languages. However, there is a cognate in Albanian\u00a0m\u00ebnoj<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to postpone, to delay\u2019, overlooked by all these authors. Both of them derive from PIE *men<\/strong>– \u2018to remain, to stay, to stop, to cease\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 729) (see\u00a0<\/strong>r\u0103m\u00e2ne<\/strong>). Thraco-Illyrian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0am\u00e2nare<\/em>,\u00a0am\u00e2nat<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      am\u00e2nd\u1ecdi<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian, Istro-Romanian\u00a0<\/em>am\u00e2ndoi<\/em>) (pron.) \u2013 both.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0ambo duo<\/em>\u00a0> *ambo dui<\/em>\u00a0(Pu\u015fcariu, 80;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 411; Cioranescu, 250). There are cognates in a few Romance languages: cf. Romansch\u00a0amenduos<\/em>, Provensalamdui<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      Romanian\u00a0am\u00e2ndoi<\/strong>\u00a0is rather\u00a0 a derivative of Romanian language, especially the numaral\u00a0doi<\/strong>\u00a0cannot derive from Latin\u00a0duo<\/em>, but from a similar Pre-Roman form (see\u00a0doi \u2018<\/strong>two\u2019).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      amenin\u0163\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(vb., I) \u2013 to threaten.<\/p>\n

      Latin *amminaciare<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0minaciae<\/em>\u00a0\u2018threat\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 77;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 5584; Cioranescu, 242). There are cognates in a number of Romance languages; cf. Italianminacciare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to threate\u2019, Provensal, Catalan\u00a0menassar<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, French\u00a0menacer<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Spanish\u00a0amenazar<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, as well as Albanian\u00a0m\u00ebnir\u00eb<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to threaten\u2019 which does not seem to be of Latin origin.<\/p>\n

      De Mauro-Mancini (1250) argues that Latin *minaciare<\/em>\u00a0is the etymon of Italian\u00a0minacciare<\/em>, while Spanish\u00a0amenazar<\/em>, according to Corominas, derives from Latin\u00a0 *minacia<\/em>. In other words, Vulgar Latin offers a number of different forms which, ultimately, can be associated with\u00a0 PIE *men<\/strong>– \u2018to step on, to press, to hit, to push\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 726).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0amenin\u0163are<\/em>,\u00a0amenin\u0163at<\/em>,\u00a0amenin\u0163\u0103tor<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      amestec\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0ameastic<\/em>) (vb, I) \u2013 1. to mix; 2. to mix up; 3. to blend in.<\/p>\n

      Latin *ammixticare <<\/em>\u00a0mixtus<\/em>\u00a0\u2018mixture\u2019 (Candrea-Densusianu, 1086; Pascu, I, 115;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 5617; Cioranescu, 244). Latin\u00a0mixtus<\/em>\u00a0is a derivative of\u00a0misceo<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to mix\u2019. In fact, Romanian\u00a0amesteca<\/strong>\u00a0should be considered a derivative of\u00a0mesteca<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018to chew\u2019, prefixed with\u00a0a<\/em>, which is a cognate of Latin\u00a0masticare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to chew\u2019 (seemesteca<\/strong>). There are cognates in most Indo-European groups; cf. Sanskrit\u00a0mek\u015fayati<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to mix, to shake\u2019, Avestan\u00a0mi\u0161ra<\/em>,\u00a0mina\u0161ti<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to mix\u2019, Greek\u00a0\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03c9<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Middle Irish\u00a0mescaid<\/em>\u00a0 \u2018id\u2019, Welsh\u00a0mysgu<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, OHG\u00a0<\/em>miskan<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Lithuanian\u00a0mie\u0161iu<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Lithuanian\u00a0mi\u0161toke<\/em>\u00a0\u2018churn, mixer\u2019, Old Bulgarian\u00a0me\u0161o<\/em>,\u00a0me\u0161iti<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to mix\u2019, all from PIE *mei<\/strong>–k<\/strong>–\u00a0<\/strong>\u2018to mix\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 714), with the formants *meisko<\/strong>– \u015fi\u00a0meikro<\/strong>-, in various Indo-European languages.<\/p>\n

      Dirvatives:\u00a0amestecat<\/em>,\u00a0amestec\u0103tor, amestec\u0103tur\u0103<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ame\u0163\u1ecb<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(vb, IV) \u2013 1. to become dizzy; 2. to be a little drunk or dizzy.<\/p>\n

      Latin *ammatiare<\/em>\u00a0< *mattus<\/em>\u00a0( (Pu\u015fcariu,\u00a0ZRPh<\/em>., 32, 717) or Latin *ammateare<\/em>\u00a0< *mattea<\/em>\u00a0\u2018stick, club\u2019 (Cioranescu, 245). The Latin \u201cetymons\u201d do not exist and there are no cognates in Romance languages. On the other hand, the meaning of the putative Latin etymons are different. Cioranescu associates\u00a0ame\u0163i<\/strong>\u00a0with Italianammazzare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to kill\u2019 and Italian\u00a0\u00a0matto<\/em>\u00a0\u2018mad, crazy\u2019, but the Italian forms have\u00a0 also, different meanings. However, this Romanian verb is a cognate of Greek\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03cd\u03c9<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to be drunk, to be dizzy\u2019, as well as\u00a0\u00a0\u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03b7<\/em>\u00a0\u2018drunkness\u2019. Chantraine (676) associates these Greek forms with\u00a0\u03bc\u03ad\u03b4\u03c5<\/em>\u00a0\u2018mead, wine\u2019; cf. Romanian\u00a0mied<\/strong>\u2018mead\u2019.<\/p>\n

      All these forms derive from PIE *medhu<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018honey, mead\u2019 (IEW<\/em>\u00a0(707) (see\u00a0mied<\/strong>,\u00a0bezmetic<\/strong>,\u00a0dezmetici<\/strong>). Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0ame\u0163eal\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0ame\u0163ire<\/em>,\u00a0ame\u0163it<\/em>,\u00a0ame\u0163itor<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ami\u1ea1z\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variants\u00a0amiazi<\/em>,\u00a0n\u0103miaz\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0n\u0103miezi,<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>Aromanian\u00a0<\/em>n\u2019eadz\u0103-dzuu\u0103<\/em>) (n., fem.) \u2013 noon, middle of the day.<\/p>\n

      Latin *medi<\/em>–die<\/em>\u00a0(Cioranescu, 246); The Latin etymon has no attestation and there are no real cognates in Romance languages. However, there are similar forms in both Latin and some of the the Romance languages; cf. Latin\u00a0meridies<\/em>\u00a0> Italian\u00a0meriggio<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      Latin *medi<\/em>–die<\/em>\u00a0would have given in Romanian *miez-zi<\/em>\u00a0or\u00a0miaz\u0103<\/em>–zi<\/em>, but\u00a0miaz\u0103-zi<\/em>\u00a0\u2018south\u2019 has a totally different meaning. On the other hand, the initial\u00a0a<\/em>\u00a0is specific to Romanian. Romanian\u00a0amiaz\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0is an compound form from\u00a0miez<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018middle, inner core, essence\u2019 < PIE *medhi<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018middle\u2019 (IEW, 706) prefixed by preposition *ad<\/em>. PIE *d<\/strong>(h<\/strong>) turned into\u00a0z<\/em>, in Thraco-Dacian when followed by a front vowel (see Introduction). The same transformation is attested in some Thraco-Illyrian names from the last centuries of the 1st millenium BC, such\u00a0Saba<\/em>–zios<\/em>,\u00a0Menzana<\/em>,\u00a0Mieza<\/em>\u00a0(see\u00a0miez<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      am\u1ecbn<\/strong>\u00a0(interj.) \u2013 amen.<\/p>\n

      Medio-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03bc\u03ae\u03bd<\/em>\u00a0(Cioranescu, 248); cf. OCS\u00a0amin\u016d<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      am\u1ecbnte<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0aminte<\/em>) (n., fem.) \u2013 remembering, recollection.<\/p>\n

      It is a compound form from\u00a0a<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0minte \u2018<\/strong>mind\u2019\u00a0\u00a0<\/em>< *ad<\/em>–minte<\/em>. There are no similar forms in Latin or Romnace languages. However, it has a close cognate in Lithuanian\u00a0\u00a0atminti<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to remember, memory\u2019; cf. Old Prussian\u00a0mintimai<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to lie\u2019 (I, pl.).<\/p>\n

      All these forms derive from PIE *men<\/strong>– \u2018to think\u2019, with nominal forms *menti<\/strong>, *mentu<\/strong>, *m\u0146ti<\/strong>, *m\u0146to<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018mind, thinking\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 726). Pre-Romanic origin (seeminte<\/strong>,\u00a0<\/strong>min\u0163i<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0a<\/em>(-\u015fi<\/em>)\u00a0aminti<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to remember, to remind\u2019,\u00a0amintire<\/em>\u00a0\u2018memory\u2019.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      amn\u1ea1r<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0m\u00e2near<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>\u2018flint steel\u2019)\u00a0 (n., neut.) \u2013 flint steel, tinder box.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0manuarius<\/em>\u00a0\u2018manual\u2019 <\u00a0manus<\/em>\u00a0\u2018hand\u2019\u00a0<\/em>(Pu\u015fcariu, 8;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 5332) or Latin *ignarium<\/em>\u00a0(Philippide,\u00a0Principii<\/em>, 46). Densusianu (Rom<\/em>., 33, 274) thinks that it is a derivative of\u00a0m\u00e2n\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018hand\u2019.<\/p>\n

      Philippide\u2019s hypothesis is partially correct, although Latin *ignarium<\/em>\u00a0has no attestation and there are not any cognates in the Romance languages. In fact *ignarium<\/em>\u00a0would give in Romanian *imnar<\/em>, not\u00a0amnar<\/strong>. It rather derives from an older *ognari<\/em>–s<\/em>, itself from PIE *egnis<\/strong>, *ognis<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018fire\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 293); cf. Sanskritagni<\/em>\u00a0\u2018fire\u2019, Latin\u00a0ignis<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Lithuanian\u00a0<\/em>ugnis<\/em>\u00a0\u201eid\u201d, etc. T. Papahagi (696) thinks that Aromanian\u00a0m\u00e2near<\/em>\u00a0derives from Latin\u00a0manualis<\/em>. In fact, it represents a contamination with\u00a0m\u00e2n\u0103<\/strong>. Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivative:\u00a0amn\u0103ru\u015f<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      amor\u0163\u1ecb<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0amur\u0163\u0103scu<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0amur\u0163o\u015f<\/em>) (vb., IV) \u2013 1. to become numb; 2. to hibernate.<\/p>\n

      Latin *ammortire<\/em>\u00a0(Pu\u015fcariu, 83; Candrea-Densusianu, 1178;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 186; Meyer,\u00a0Alb. St<\/em>., 4, 86); The Latin etymon has no attestation, although there are some similar forms in Romance languages, but they have different meanings; cf. Italian\u00a0ammortire<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to weaken, to break\u2019, Provensal, French\u00a0amortir<\/em>. This verb seems to be a derivative of Romanian from\u00a0<\/em>mort<\/em>\u00a0\u2018dead\u2019, prefixed with\u00a0a<\/em>\u00a0(see\u00a0<\/strong>muri \u2018<\/strong>to die\u2019).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0amor\u0163ire<\/em>,\u00a0amor\u0163it<\/em>,\u00a0amor\u0163eal\u0103<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      am\u1ee5rg<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0amurg<\/em>) (n., neut.)\u00a0 \u2013 sunset, crepuscule.<\/p>\n

      A derivative of\u00a0murg \u2018<\/strong>dark bay, dark bay horse\u2019\u00a0<\/em>prefixed by\u00a0a<\/em>. Thraco-Illyrian origin (see\u00a0murg<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0a amurgi<\/em>,\u00a0amurgeal\u0103<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      amv\u1ecdn<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0amvun<\/em>) (n., neut.) \u2013 pulpit.<\/p>\n

      Medio-Greek\u00a0\u03ac\u03bc\u03b2\u03c9\u03bd<\/em>\u00a0(Cioranescu, 259).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      amu\u0163\u1ecb<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0amu\u0163\u0103scu<\/em>) (vb., IV) \u2013 to become mute, to become silent.<\/p>\n

      Latin *ammutire<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>(Pu\u015fcariu, 86; Candrea-Densusianu, 1191; Cioranescu, 257). There are no similar forms in other Romance languages. It is derivative of Romanian from\u00a0mut \u2018<\/strong>mute\u2019 (see\u00a0mut<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0amu\u0163ire<\/em>,\u00a0amu\u0163eal\u0103<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      an<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0an<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0on<\/em>) (n., masc.) \u2013 year.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0annus<\/em>\u00a0\u2018year\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 88; Candrea-Densusianu, 58;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 487; Cioranescu, 260). Panromanic.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0annus<\/em>\u00a0derives from PIE *en<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018year\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 314); cf. Greek\u00a0\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2\u2019id\u2019<\/em>, Gothic\u00a0athnan<\/em>\u00a0(dat. pl.), Oscan\u00a0akenei<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>< *at<\/em>–nei<\/em>, Lithuanian\u00a0per<\/em>–n<\/em>–ai<\/em>\u00a0\u2018last year\u2019, Latvianperns<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 (cf. Latin\u00a0per<\/em>–ennis<\/em>).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      an\u1ea1fur\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variant\u00a0nafur\u0103<\/em>, Aromanian\u00a0anafur\u0103<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0naf\u0103r\u0103<\/em>) (n., fem.) \u2013 wafer, Eucharist bread.<\/p>\n

      Medio-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac<\/em>\u00a0(Murnu, 4; Cioranescu, 263).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      anahor\u1eb9t<\/strong>\u00a0(n., masc.) \u2013 hermit.<\/p>\n

      Medio-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/em>\u00a0\u201eto distance oneself\u201d (Cioranescu, 273); cf. French\u00a0anachor\u00e8te<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      Derivative:\u00a0anahoretic<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      an\u1ea1nghie<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0ananghie<\/em>)\u00a0<\/strong>(n., fem.)\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 hardship, predicament.<\/p>\n

      Neo-Greek\u00a0\u00a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03ba\u03b7<\/em>\u00a0(G\u00e1ldi, 146; Cioranescu, 264).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      an\u1ea1poda<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0anapu\u03b4a<\/em>) \u2013 1. crosspatched, crossgrained; 2. upside down.<\/p>\n

      Neo-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b1<\/em>\u00a0(Roesler, 564, G\u00e1ldi, 146; Cioranescu, 265).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      anas\u1eadna<\/strong>\u00a0(obs.) \u2013 by force, under compulsion.<\/p>\n

      Turkish\u00a0anas\u0131n\u0131<\/em>\u00a0\u2018mater eius\u2019 (DAR<\/em>; Cioranescu, 267). It is used only\u00a0 in the expression\u00a0cu<\/em>\u00a0anas\u00e2na<\/em>\u00a0\u2018by force\u2019.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      anas\u1ecdn<\/strong>\u00a0(n., masc.) \u2013 anise (Pimpinella anisum<\/em>).<\/p>\n

      Turkish\u00a0anason<\/em>\u00a0< Medio-Greek\u00a0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd<\/em>\u00a0(Roesler, 584; \u015e\u0103ineanu, II, 20; Cioranescu, 268); cf. Bulgarian, Serbian\u00a0anason<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      anat\u1eb9m\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0anatima<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0natima<\/em>) (n., fem.) \u2013 anathema.<\/p>\n

      Medio-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1<\/em>\u00a0(Murnu, 4; Cioranescu, 270).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0a anatemiza<\/em>,\u00a0anatemizare<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      angar\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0ang\u0103rie<\/em>) (obs.) (n., fem.) \u2013 1. gratuitous service, compulsory service (hist.); 2. taxes, financial obligations.<\/p>\n

      Medio-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1<\/em>\u00a0(Meyer, 12; Cioranescu, 281); cf. Albanian\u00a0ngherij<\/em>, Bulgarian\u00a0angarija<\/em>, Polish\u00a0angarya<\/em>, Turkish\u00a0angarya<\/em>, Italian\u00a0angheria<\/em>, Frenchangarie<\/em>, Spanish\u00a0angaria<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      andre\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variants\u00a0<\/em>undrea<\/em>,\u00a0\u00eendrea<\/em>) (n., fem.) \u2013 knitting needle.<\/p>\n

      Cioranescu (9060) thinks that it is variant of\u00a0undrea<\/strong>, a derivative of\u00a0\u00eendrea<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018December\u2019\u00a0 from\u00a0Andreas<\/em>\u00a0\u2018Saint Andrew\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 832; Tiktin; Cioranescu, 4397), but it has the stress on the first syllable, while \u00eendrea \u2018knitting needle\u2019 has the stress on the last syllable, but Cioranesci ignore these details; cf. AromanianAndrelu\u015fu<\/em>,\u00a0Andreu<\/em>\u00a0\u2018December\u2019. Romanian\u00a0andrea<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0undrea<\/strong>\u00a0have nothing to do with\u00a0\u00a0\u00eendrea<\/strong>\u00a0as the name of Saint Andrew, respectively. According to Reichenkron, Romanian\u00a0\u00a0andrea<\/strong>\u00a0derives from PIE *ardh<\/strong>– \u2018stake\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 63), a hypothesis rejected by Poghirc\u00a0 (\u201cO nou\u0103 teorie…?\u201d,\u00a0Limba rom\u00e2n\u0103<\/em>, 15, 5, 1967) and he argues that it derives from PIE *andher<\/strong>– \u2018sharp tip, rod\u2019 (IEW, 41) (see\u00a0undrea<\/strong>). He seems to be correct. Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      anghin\u1ea1r\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variant\u00a0<\/em>anghinare<\/em>) (n., fem.) \u2013 artichoke.<\/p>\n

      Perhaps from Neo-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac\u03c1\u03b1<\/em>\u00a0(G\u00e1ldi, 148; Cioranescu, 285); cf. Albanian\u00a0hinar\u00eb<\/em>, Bulgarian\u00a0anginar<\/em>, Turkish\u00a0enginar<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      anin\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0alin<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to go up, to climb\u2019) (vb., I) \u2013 to hang, to hang up.<\/p>\n

      Latin *anninare<\/em>\u00a0de la *ninna<\/em>\u00a0\u2018swing\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 89;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 5817; Cioranescu, 291); cf. Provensal\u00a0nina<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to sleep\u2019 (cf. Cioranescu). Neither Latin *anninare<\/em>, nor *ninna<\/em>\u00a0are attested which were reconstructed from Provensal\u00a0nina<\/em>, a cognate of\u00a0 Romanian\u00a0nani<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018sleep\u2019 (in children\u2019s talk). On the other hand, these authors ignored Aromanian\u00a0alin<\/em>\u00a0which contradicts their hypothesis.<\/p>\n

      Romanian\u00a0anina<\/strong>\u00a0seems to derive from PIE *ar<\/strong>– \u2018to divide, to hang, to go up\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 61); cf. Hittite\u00a0arnumi<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to bring\u2019, Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to go up, to reach out, to touch\u2019, Armenian\u00a0arnum<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to take\u2019. From this root derives Romanian\u00a0<\/strong>at\u00e2rna<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018to hang (up)\u2019 as well. Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0aninare<\/em>,\u00a0anin\u0103toare<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      an\u1ecdst<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0anustu<\/em>) (adj.) \u2013 colorless, insipid, boring.<\/p>\n

      Neo-Greek\u00a0\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0(G\u00e1ldi,\u00a0Les mots<\/em>, 148; Cioranescu, 293).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ant\u1eb7r\u0163<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(adv.) (obs.) \u2013 two years ago.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0anno tertio<\/em>\u00a0(DAR<\/em>; Cioranescu, 295) (see\u00a0an<\/strong>,\u00a0<\/strong>ter\u0163iu<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      anter\u1ecbu<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0antiriu<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0antiriia<\/em>) (obs.) (n., neut.)\u00a0 \u2013 1. a pompous robe of the aristocracy; 2. surplice.<\/p>\n

      Turkish\u00a0antari<\/em>\u00a0< Arabic\u00a0antari<\/em>\u00a0(\u015e\u0103ineanu, II20; Meyer, 11; Cioranescu, 298); cf. Neo-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03bd<\/em>, Albanian\u00a0anderi<\/em>, Bulgarian, Serbian\u00a0<\/em>anterija<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      aol\u1eb9u<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variant\u00a0aoleo<\/em>) (interj.) \u2013 ah!, oh dear!, oh my!<\/p>\n

      It is a contamiantion between\u00a0au<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018ouch\u2019 and\u00a0v\u0103leu<\/strong>. Romanian\u00a0v\u0103leu<\/strong>\u00a0can be traced to PIE *\u016dai<\/strong>–lo<\/strong>–s<\/strong>, a derivative of PIE *\u016dai<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\u2018woe\u2019 (IEW<\/em>\u00a0(1110) (see\u00a0vai<\/strong>,\u00a0v\u0103leu<\/strong>). Pre-Roman origin.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ap\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0ap\u0103<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0ap\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0apu<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0ape<\/em>) (n., fem.) \u2013 1. water; 2. body of water.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0aq\u016da<\/em>\u00a0\u2018water\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 91; Candrea-Densusianu, 62;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 570; Cioranescu, 316); cf. Italian\u00a0aqua<\/em>, Spanish\u00a0agua<\/em>, Portuguese\u00a0agoa<\/em>, Sardinian\u00a0abba<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0aqua<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>derives from PIE *ak\u02b7a \u2018<\/strong>water, stream\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 23); cf. Gothic\u00a0ahwa<\/em>,\u00a0 Sanskrit\u00a0ap<\/em>-,\u00a0apa<\/em>, Avestan\u00a0ap<\/em>, Hittite\u00a0\u016dappe<\/em>, OHG\u00a0affa<\/em>. There are many body of water names and place names in ancient Thraco-Illyrian, Italic and Celtic areas formed with the root\u00a0 –apa<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>(see Vinereanu, 2002, 52); cf.\u00a0Zaldapa<\/em>\u00a0\u2018a place in Scythia Minor\u2019 (today\u2019s Dobrogea region, Romania),\u00a0Salapia<\/em>\u00a0\u2018a city in Apulia\u2019. In Gaul and Brittania;\u00a0Geld<\/em>–apa<\/em>,\u00a0Arn<\/em>–apa<\/em>,\u00a0Len<\/em>–apa<\/em>,\u00a0Ol<\/em>–epa<\/em>,\u00a0Man<\/em>–apia<\/em>,\u00a0Appa<\/em>,Apava<\/em>. In Pannonia,\u00a0Apeva<\/em>\u00a0(cf. Holder, vol. 1). In Greece:\u00a0\u0391\u03c0\u03b9\u03b1,<\/em>\u00a0\u0399\u03bd\u03c9\u03c0, \u0391\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd<\/em>\u00a0\u2018locality in Arcadia\u2019 (Steph. Byz.),\u00a0\u0391\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0\u2018locality in Tessalia\u2019,\u00a0\u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0\u2018river in Acarnania\u2019 (Tucydides, 2, 82), as well as in Sicily (Tucydides, 6, 96, 3; 7, 78, 3; Diodor din Sicilia, 15, 13, 5, Tit. Liv. 24, 36, 2)\u00a0Apsus<\/em>\u00a0\u2018river in southern Illyria\u2019 (see Krahe,\u00a0ZONF<\/em>, 20, 1931),\u00a0Apila<\/em>\u00a0\u2018small river in eastern Macedonia\u2019,\u00a0Colapis \u2018<\/em>river in southern Pannonia\u2019, today\u00a0Kulpa<\/em>\u00a0(see Strabon, 4, 207, 7, 314), in Dio Cassius (49, 37)\u00a0Colapius<\/em>, as well as tribe name\u00a0Colapiani<\/em>\u00a0(Pliniu, 3, 147), the Pannonian tribe of\u00a0Sirapilli<\/em>\u00a0(Plinius, 3, 147), as well as\u00a0\u039c\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c0\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u2018mountains in Beotia and Thracia\u2019 and finally\u00a0Messapion<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0Messapi<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      I mention that Walde-Pokorny (1) reconstructs also PIE *ab<\/strong>– \u2018water, body of water\u2019 as well as PIE *ap<\/strong>– (IEW<\/em>, 29), although Romanian\u00a0ap\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0may derive from PIE *aq\u02b7a<\/strong>\u00a0since in Thraco-Dacian and Romanian PIE *k\u02b7<\/strong>\u00a0turned consistantly into a\u00a0p<\/strong>\u00a0<\/em>when it was followed by a back vowel (see Introduction). Thraco-Illyrian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0apar<\/em>,\u00a0ap\u0103raie<\/em>,\u00a0ap\u0103tos, apos, ap\u015foar\u0103,<\/em>\u00a0etc.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ap\u0103r\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0ap\u0103r<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0op\u0103r<\/em>) (vb., I) \u2013 to protect, to defend.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0apparare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to be ready, to prepare for\u2019\u00a0 < *ad<\/em>–parare<\/em>\u00a0(Pu\u015fcariu, 93; Candrea-Densusianu, 63;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 534; Cioranescu, 318). There are similar Romance forms; cf. Italian\u00a0apparare<\/em>, Provensal\u00a0apara<\/em>, Spanish\u00a0aparar<\/em>\u00a0which have the same meaning as in Latin. Romanian\u00a0ap\u0103ra<\/strong>\u00a0is semantically incompatible with\u00a0 Latinapparare<\/em>\u00a0and the other Romance forms, except for Calabrian\u00a0\u00a0apparari \u2018<\/em>to put in a safe place\u2019. Albanian\u00a0mbroj<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to protect, to defend\u2019\u00a0 is a cognate to this Romanian verb. They seem to derive from\u00a0 a IE *pari<\/strong>\u00a0> *pari<\/strong>–et<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018all around\u2019 (cf. Walde; 2, 254) < PIE *per<\/strong>\u00a0(IEW<\/em>, 810); cf. Hittite\u00a0pi-ir<\/em>\u00a0\u2018house\u2019, as well\u00a0 as Thracian –para<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018city, fortress\u2019 (see\u00a0para<\/strong>\u00b9,\u00a0perete \u2018<\/strong>wall\u2019). Thraco-Illyrian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0ap\u0103rare<\/em>,\u00a0ap\u0103r\u0103tor<\/em>,\u00a0ap\u0103r\u0103toare<\/em>,\u00a0ap\u0103r\u0103tur\u0103<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ap\u0103re\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(vb., II) \u2013 1. to appear, to become visible; 2. to come out, to be published.<\/p>\n

      It is a derivative of\u00a0p\u0103rea<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018to seem\u2019 (cf. Cioranescu, 320) prefixed with\u00a0a<\/em>\u00a0or from Latin\u00a0app\u0101r\u0113re<\/em>; cf. French\u00a0appara\u00eetre<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 (see\u00a0<\/strong>p\u0103rea<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0aparent<\/em>,\u00a0aparen\u0163\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0apari\u0163ie<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ap\u0103s\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(vb., I) \u2013 1. to press (hard), to push; 2 to stress; 3. to oppress.<\/p>\n

      Latin *appensare<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0pensare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to weigh\u2019 (Philippide,\u00a0Principii<\/em>, 21; Pu\u015fcariu, 94; Candrea-Densusianu, 1349;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 544; Cioranescu, 324); cf. Spanish\u00a0pesar<\/em>, French\u00a0peser<\/em>. In Latin\u00a0pensare<\/em>, the nasal is an infix, since it is missing in other Indo-European languages such as Sanskrit\u00a0a-pi\u0161<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to press, to press hard\u2019, Albanianpish<\/em>\u00a0\u2018weight\u2019, Albanian\u00a0pesho<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to weigh\u2019, Welsh\u00a0pwyso<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to weigh\u2019,\u00a0pwysan<\/em>\u00a0\u2018weigh\u2019, Breton\u00a0pouez<\/em>\u00a0\u2018weight\u2019,\u00a0\u00a0poueza<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to weigh\u2019.<\/p>\n

      We may reconstruct a PIE *pes<\/strong>– \u2018weight, to weigh, to press\u2019 (see\u00a0p\u0103s<\/strong>). It seems to be of Thraco-Illyrian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0ap\u0103sare<\/em>,\u00a0ap\u0103sat<\/em>,\u00a0ap\u0103s\u0103tor<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      aplec\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variant\u00a0pleca<\/em>, Aromanian\u00a0aplec<\/em>,\u00a0aplic<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to suckle (a baby animal)\u2019, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0plec<\/em>) (vb., I) \u2013 1. to incline, to bend, to bow; 2. to subjugate; 3. to suckle (a baby animal).<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0applicare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to affix, to attach, to steer\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 97; Pascu, I, 35;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 548; Cioranescu, 332); cf. Catalan\u00a0aplegar<\/em>, Spanish\u00a0allegar<\/em>, Portuguese\u00a0achegar<\/em>. Th meaning of the latin etymon is different.<\/p>\n

      In fact, it is a variant of\u00a0pleca<\/em>. Romanian\u00a0pleca<\/em>,\u00a0apleca<\/strong>\u00a0should be associated with Latin\u00a0plico<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to bend, to pack\u2019 from PIE *plek<\/strong>\u2019- \u2018to bend, a \u00eempleti\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 834). Latin\u00a0applico<\/em>\u00a0is a derivative\u00a0plico<\/em>, it was used till the end of the Republic (1st century, BC)\u00a0 (cf. Glare, 152), afterwards it became obsolete. In other words, about 150 years before Romans set foot in Dacia.\u00a0 I have to mention that derivatives of this Latin verb may be looked for only in the Iberian Peninsula, probably because the Iberian Peninsula was conquered in the 2nd century BC.<\/p>\n

      From\u00a0<\/strong>apleca<\/strong>\u00a0(pleca<\/em>) there are a few derivatives such as\u00a0plec\u0103ciune<\/em>\u00a0\u2018(low) bow\u2019 and\u00a0plec\u0103toare\u00a0 \u2018<\/em>milking sheep\u2019\u00a0 > Hungarian\u00a0pleketor<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 as well as Ukrainianplekati<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to suckle\u2019. These forms should not be associated with\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>pleca<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018to go, to leave\u2019 as most linguists do. It has a totally different origin (see\u00a0<\/strong>pleca<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives: (a<\/em>)plec\u0103ciune<\/em>,\u00a0aplec\u0103tur\u0103<\/em>, (a<\/em>)plec\u0103toare<\/em>\u00a0\u201eoaie cu miel\u201d.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      apocal\u1ecbps<\/strong>\u00a0(variant\u00a0apocalips\u0103<\/em>) \u2013 the biblical Revelation.<\/p>\n

      Medio-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03b9\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0(Cioranescu, 333) from Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to unveil\u2019 <\u00a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf<\/em>-,\u00a0\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to cover, to hide\u2019; cf. French\u00a0apocalypse<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0apocaliptic<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ap\u1ecdi<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0apoi<\/em>,\u00a0apoea<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0napoi<\/em>,\u00a0n\u0103poi<\/em>,\u00a0poia<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0napoi<\/em>) (adv.) \u2013 then, afterwards.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0ad post<\/em>\u00a0(Pu\u015fcariu, 98; Candrea-Densusianu, 1423;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 195; Cioranescu, 335) which would give *apost<\/em>\u00a0in Romanian, not\u00a0\u00a0apoi<\/strong>; cf. Italian\u00a0<\/em>poi \u2018<\/em>id\u2019.<\/p>\n

      Romanian\u00a0apoi<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>should be associated to PIE *apo<\/strong>– \u2018behind, back\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 53); cf.\u00a0 Sanskrit\u00a0apo<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Greek \u03ac\u03c0\u03c9<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Hittite\u00a0appa<\/em>\u00a0\u2018behind, after, again\u2019, Albanianpr<\/em>–ap\u00eb<\/em>\u00a0\u2018behind, again\u2019 (see\u00a0\u00eenapoi \u2018<\/strong>back, behind\u2019). It seems to be of Traco-Illyrian origin.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      apoplex\u1ecbe<\/strong>\u00a0(n., fem.) \u2013 stroke.<\/p>\n

      Neo-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03be\u03af\u03b1<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 (Cioranescu, 337) from Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u2018<\/em>to hit, to throw down\u2019; cf. French\u00a0apoplexie<\/em>\u00a0(since 18th century).<\/p>\n

      Derivative:\u00a0apoplectic<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ap\u1ecdstol<\/strong>\u00a0(n., masc.) \u2013 a disciple of Christ, apostle.<\/p>\n

      Medio-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0\u201eenvoy\u201d (Murnu, 6; Cioranescu, 342), from\u00a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/em>\u00a0\u201eto send (someone)\u201d.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0apostolat, apostolic<\/em>,\u00a0apostolicesc<\/em>,\u00a0apostolice\u015fte<\/em>,\u00a0apostolie<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      apostr\u1ecdf<\/strong>\u00a0(n., neut.) \u2013 apostrophy.<\/p>\n

      Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0(G\u00e1ldi,\u00a0Les mots<\/em>, 151) <\u00a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/em>\u00a0\u201eto give back\u201d <\u00a0\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/em>\u00a0\u201eto return\u201d; cf. French\u00a0apostrophe<\/em>\u00a0(since 17th century; cf. G\u00e1ldi).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0apostrof\u0103<\/em>\u00a0\u201ereprimand\u201d,\u00a0a apostrofa<\/em>\u00a0\u201eto reprimand\u201d.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      apot\u1eb9c\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0(variants\u00a0potic\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0aptec\u0103<\/em>) (dial., Trans.) (n., fem.) \u2013 pharmacy.<\/p>\n

      NHG\u00a0Apotheke<\/em>\u00a0\u201efarmacy\u201d (Cioranescu, 6707) from Latin\u00a0apotheca<\/em>\u00a0< Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0apotecar<\/em>,\u00a0potec\u0103ra\u015f<\/em>\u00a0(variant\u00a0poticar\u0103\u015f<\/em>) \u201epharmacist\u201d.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u1ea1prig<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(adj.) \u2013 1. fiery, ardent, impetuos; 2. harsh, severe; 3. greedy.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0apricus<\/em>\u00a0\u2018exposed to sun\u2019 (Hasdeu,\u00a0Etym<\/em>.; Cihac, 1, 24; Cioranescu, 347). Pu\u015fcariu (99) as well as REW (581) reject this hypothesis considering it of unknown origin. Authors of DAR derive it from Greek\u00a0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c0\u03b1\u03be<\/em>\u00a0stingy, greedy\u2019 which is a cognate of Romanian\u00a0aprig<\/strong>, but not its etymon. There are cognates in a number of other Indo-European languages; cf. Gothic (faihu<\/em>)\u00a0friks<\/em>\u00a0\u2018avaricious, greedy\u2019, Old Icelandic\u00a0ferkr<\/em>\u00a0\u2018greedy\u2019, OHG\u00a0freh<\/em>\u00a0\u2018stingy\u2019, Old English\u00a0froec \u2018<\/em>greedy bold\u2019, Polish\u00a0<\/em>pragna\u0107<\/em>\u00a0\u2018stingy, greedy\u2019, all from PIE *preg<\/strong>– \u2018greedy, harsh, vehement\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 845). Again, in Romanian, the Proto-Indo-European root is prefix by\u00a0a<\/em>\u00a0(ad<\/em>) as in many other cases. Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      apr\u1ecblie<\/strong>\u00a0(n., masc.) – April.<\/p>\n

      Medio-Greek\u00a0\u0391\u03c0\u03c1\u03af\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0(Cioranescu, 348); cf. OCS\u00a0Aprili<\/em>. It is a parallel form to\u00a0prier<\/strong>\u00a0which is much older (see\u00a0prier<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      apr\u1ecbnde<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0aprindu<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0\u00a0prind<\/em>,\u00a0 Istro-Romanian\u00a0aprindu<\/em>) (vb., III) \u2013 1. to kindle, to light; 2. to ignite, to set on fire; 3. to switch on; 4. to blush; 4. to be enthusiastic.<\/p>\n

      Latin *apprendere<\/em>\u00a0<\/em><\u00a0apprehendere<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to understand, to catch\u2019 (\u015e\u0103ineanu,\u00a0Semasiol<\/em>., 181; Pu\u015fcariu, 100; Candrea-Densusianu, 1448;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 554; Cioranescu, 349). The western Romance languages\u00a0 kept the Latin meaning; cf. Italian\u00a0apprendere<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to learn\u2019, French\u00a0apprendre<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Spanish\u00a0\u00a0apprender<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019.<\/p>\n

      This verb has a totally different meaning and it is not a real cognate of the western Romance forms. Therefore, it should be considered a derivative of\u00a0<\/strong>prinde<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018to catch\u2019, prefixed with\u00a0a<\/em>\u00a0(ad<\/em>) (see\u00a0<\/strong>prinde<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives: aprindere, aprinz\u0103tor.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      apro\u1ea1pe<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0aproapea<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0proapi<\/em>, Istro-Romanian (a<\/em>)prope<\/em>) (adv.) \u2013 1. close by, not far; 2. almost.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0ad prope<\/em>\u00a0(Pu\u015fcariu, 101; Candrea-Densusianu, 65;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 197; Cioranescu, 350). Latin\u00a0prope<\/em>\u00a0< *proque<\/em>\u00a0(cf. Latin\u00a0proximus<\/em>).<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0prope<\/em>\u00a0is a loanword from Osco-Umbrian where PIE *k\u02b7e<\/strong>\u00a0>\u00a0pe<\/em>, a phonological feature found in Thraco-Illyrian as well. The verb\u00a0a<\/em>\u00a0(se<\/em>)\u00a0apropia<\/em>\u00a0seem to be internal derivative of Romanian, since Latin\u00a0appropiare<\/em>\u00a0is attested only in the Middle Ages to the ecclesiastic authors.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0a apropia<\/em>,\u00a0apropiere<\/em>,\u00a0apropiat<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      apr\u1ecdd<\/strong>\u00a0(n., masc.) (obs.) \u2013 1. young boyar (aristocrat) serving at the Court of the Romanian princes in the Middle Ages; 2. bailiff.<\/p>\n

      Hungarian\u00a0apr\u00f3d<\/em>\u00a0\u2018page\u2019 <\u00a0apr\u00f3<\/em>\u00a0\u2018small\u2019 (Cihac, 2, 476; Cioranescu, 352).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      apuc\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0apuc<\/em>) (vb., I) – 1. to grab, to seize, to catch; 2. a pune m\u00e2na \u00een grab\u0103 pe ceva; 3. to have known; 3. to begin, to start.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0occupare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to seize, to occupy, to attack\u2019 (Cihac,1, 14) was rejected by Meyer-L\u00fcbke (Dacor.,<\/em>\u00a04, 642;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 776). Latin\u00a0aucupor<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to go birdcatching, to pursue, to watch for\u2019 (Burl\u0103,\u00a0St. Fil<\/em>., 1880;\u00a0 Pu\u015fcariu (103);\u00a0REW<\/em>, 776; Rosetti 1, 162) which is not better then the previous one, both phonologically and semantically.<\/p>\n

      Romanian\u00a0apuca<\/strong>\u00a0is a cognate of Latin\u00a0apiscor<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to reach for, to aquire\u2019, but the derivation from\u00a0apiscor<\/em>\u00a0is not possible. Both verbs derive from PIE *ap<\/strong>– \u2018to grab, to catch\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 50); cf. Hittite\u00a0eipmi<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to take, Sanskrit\u00a0apnoti<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to arrive at, to win\u2019, Avestan\u00a0apayeiti<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to arrive at\u2019, Greek\u00a0<\/em>\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to gather, to bind\u2019, Tocharian Aoppa\u00e7\u00e7i \u2018<\/em>skillfull, clever, ingenious\u2019. Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0apucare<\/em>,\u00a0apucat<\/em>,\u00a0apuc\u0103tor<\/em>,\u00a0apuc\u0103tur\u0103<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u1ea0pullum<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 a city in ancient Dacia, today Alba-Iulia<\/p>\n

      It is the Latin form of a Dacian *Aplo<\/em>\u00a0sau *Apl<\/em>\u00a0which seems to derive from PIE *albho<\/strong>– \u2018white\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 30); cf. Gallo-Roman\u00a0Albion<\/em>\u00a0\u2018Brittania\u2019, Middle IrishAlbbu<\/em>\u00a0\u2018Brittania\u2019 (see\u00a0alb<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ap\u1ee5ne<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0apun<\/em>) (vb., III) \u2013 1. to set (down), to go down; 2. to fade, to decline.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0apponere<\/em>\u00a0\u201eto put near, to apply, to add\u201d (\u015e\u0103ineanu,\u00a0Semasiol<\/em>., 181, Pu\u015fcariu, Candrea-Densusianu, 1462;\u00a0REW,<\/em>\u00a0551; Cioranescu, 356). The putative Latin etymon has a different meaning. However, Spanish\u00a0ponerse el sol<\/em>\u00a0\u201eto set down (about sun)\u201d has the same meaning and similar form, but they cannot be derived from the same Vulgar Latin etymon, therefore Romanian\u00a0apune<\/strong>\u00a0seems to be an internal derivative of Romanian from\u00a0<\/strong>pune<\/strong>\u00a0\u201eto put\u201d, prefixed with\u00a0a<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>(see\u00a0<\/strong>pune<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0apunere<\/em>,\u00a0apus<\/em>,\u00a0apusean<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ar\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0ar<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0oru<\/em>) (vb., I) \u2013 to plough.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0arare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to plough\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 105; Candrea-Densusianu, 67;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 508; Cioranescu, 357); cf. Italian\u00a0arare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Spanish, Portuguese\u00a0arar<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019.<\/p>\n

      The root is found in most Indo-European language groups; cf. Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03c9<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to plough\u2019, Middle Irish\u00a0airim<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to plough, to work\u2019, Welsh\u00a0arddu<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to plough\u2019, Lithuanian\u00a0ariu<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Lithuanian\u00a0arimas<\/em>\u00a0\u2018ploughed field\u2019, Gothic\u00a0arjan<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to plough\u2019, OHG\u00a0erran \u2018<\/em>id\u2019, OCS\u00a0orjo<\/em>,\u00a0orati<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019,\u00a0 Albabian\u00a0ar\u00eb<\/em>\u00a0\u2018cultivated field\u2019,\u00a0arar<\/em>\u2018ploughman\u2019, Armenian\u00a0araur<\/em>\u00a0\u2018plough\u2019, Lithuanian\u00a0arklas<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Tocharian\u00a0are<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019. All from PIE *ar<\/strong>(\u0259<\/strong>) \u2018to plough\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 62);<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0ar\u0103tur\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0ar\u0103tor<\/em>,\u00a0arabil<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      arabab\u1ee5r\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variant\u00a0harababur\u0103<\/em>) (n., fem.) \u2013 disorder, scandal.<\/p>\n

      Turkish\u00a0anababulla<\/em>\u00a0> Neo-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03ac\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1<\/em>\u00a0(DAR<\/em>; Cioranescu, 358). However, similar forms are found in a series of European languages: cf. Medieval Latin\u00a0baburra<\/em>\u00a0\u201emadness, insanity\u201d, Medio-Greek\u00a0\u03b2\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03cb\u03c1\u03b1<\/em>\u00a0\u201eid\u201d, Italian (Venetian dialect)\u00a0alabala<\/em>\u00a0\u201econfusely\u201d. All these forms seem to be of imitative origin.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ar\u1ea1c<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variants\u00a0harac<\/em>,\u00a0h\u0103rac<\/em>, Aromanian\u00a0harac<\/em>) (n., masc.) \u2013 prop, stake.<\/p>\n

      Neo-Greek\u00a0\u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03b9<\/em>\u00a0\u2018prop\u2019 (Roesler, 586; Cioranescu, 360); cf. Turkish\u00a0herek<\/em>, Bulgarian\u00a0harak<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ar\u1ea1m\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0aram\u0103<\/em>) (n., fem.) \u2013 copper.<\/p>\n

      Vulgar Latin *aramen<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0aeramen<\/em>\u00a0(Diez,\u00a0Gramm<\/em>.,\u00a0<\/em>2, 5; Pu\u015fcariu, 107; Candrea-Densusianu, 61; Rosetti, 2, 65; Cioranescu, 363); cf. Italian\u00a0rame<\/em>\u00a0\u2018copper\u2019, Old French\u00a0arain<\/em>, Old Provensal, Catalan\u00a0aram,<\/em>\u00a0Old Spanish\u00a0arambre<\/em>, as well as Albanian\u00a0rem<\/em>, Albanian\u00a0aram\u00eb<\/em>\u00a0\u2018copper\u2019.<\/p>\n

      The root is found in many other Indo-European and Afrasian languages. The Eneolithic begun in eastern Anatolia in the 7th millennium, BC and spread into Balkan region and Europe. Orel (1995, 55) reconstructs a AA root *ariw<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018metal\u2019; cf. Akkadian\u00a0<\/em>weru<\/em>,\u00a0eru<\/em>\u00a0\u2018copper\u2019. It seems to be of Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0a ar\u0103mi<\/em>,\u00a0ar\u0103mire<\/em>,\u00a0ar\u0103mioar\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0ar\u0103m\u0103rie<\/em>,\u00a0ar\u0103miu<\/em>\u00a0etc.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ar\u1ea1p<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variant\u00a0harap<\/em>, Aromanian\u00a0arap<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0rap<\/em>) (n., masc.) \u2013 1. Arab; 2. a dark complexion person.<\/p>\n

      Turkish\u00a0arab<\/em>\u00a0\u2018Arab\u2019 (\u015e\u0103ineanu, II, 22; Cioranescu, 365); cf. Neo-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03c2<\/em>, Albanian\u00a0<\/em>arap<\/em>, Bulgarian\u00a0harap<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0ar\u0103pesc<\/em>,\u00a0ar\u0103pime<\/em>,\u00a0ar\u0103poaic\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0ar\u0103pil\u0103<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      arat<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0aratru<\/em>) \u2013 plough (in Muscel region, only).<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0aratrum<\/em>\u00a0\u2018plough\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu,\u00a0Dacor<\/em>., 8, 324). From the same root derives Aromanian\u00a0ar\u0103tor<\/em>\u00a0\u2018ploughman\u2019 which seems to derive from Latin\u00a0aratorius<\/em>\u00a0(cf. Papahagi, 133). A Daco-Romanian dialectal form\u00a0artor<\/em>\u00a0is attested in northern Moldova which cannot really derive from Latin\u00a0aratrum.<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>All these forms derive form. PIE *ar\u0259trom<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018plough\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 62) (see\u00a0ara<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ar\u0103t\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0ar\u0103t<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0arotu<\/em>) (vb., I)\u00a0 \u2013 1. to show, to indicate 2. to present; 3. to look like; 4. to explain.<\/p>\n

      Latin *ad reputare<\/em>\u00a0(Hasdeu, 1557) or Latin *arrectare<\/em>\u00a0<\/em><\u00a0\u00a0rectus \u2018<\/em>right, straight\u2019 (Cihac, 1, 82). Latin *arratare<\/em>\u00a0(Candrea,\u00a0Rom<\/em>., 31, 301), but later Candrea (GS<\/em>, 3, 423) renounced his hypothesis. Finally, from Latin\u00a0ratare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to count, to determine\u2019 (Cioranescu, 369), a derivative of\u00a0\u00a0ratus<\/em>\u00a0\u2018valid\u2019, but Cioranescu\u2019s hypothesis does not explain the presence of the initial\u00a0a<\/em>. None of these hypotheses can be accepted. All these \u201cetymons\u201d either\u00a0 have no attestation or are not appropriate from a semantic or phonological point of view. However, there are cognates in other Indo-European languages; cf. Welsh\u00a0arddangosfa<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to show, to present\u2019,\u00a0arddangos<\/em>\u2018show\u2019, Irish\u00a0no<\/em>–radim<\/em>\u00a0\u2018sage, wise man\u2019,\u00a0 Gothic\u00a0rodian<\/em>, NHG\u00a0reden<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to speak, to talk\u2019, all from\u00a0<\/em>PIE *ar<\/strong>(e<\/strong>),\u00a0ar\u0259<\/strong>– \u2018to unite, to match, to talk, to show, to calculate\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 55), with the formant\u00a0dh<\/strong>: *aredh<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(IEW<\/em>, 59). Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0ar\u0103tare<\/em>,\u00a0ar\u0103tos<\/em>,\u00a0ar\u0103t\u0103tor<\/em>,\u00a0ar\u0103t\u0103tur\u0103<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u1ea1rbore<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0arbure<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0arbur<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0\u00e5rbure<\/em>) (n., masc.) \u2013 tree.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0arbor<\/em>\u00a0\u2018tree\u2019\u00a0<\/em>(Pu\u015fcariu, 112; Candrea-Densusianu, 74;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 606); cf. Vegliote\u00a0<\/em>juarbul<\/em>\u00a0\u2018tree\u2019, Italian\u00a0albero<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Corsican\u00a0arburu<\/em>, French, Catalan\u00a0arbre<\/em>, Spanish\u00a0arbol<\/em>, as well as Albanian\u00a0arbur<\/em>\u00a0and OHG\u00a0albar<\/em>\u00a0(cf. Ernout-Meillet, 56).<\/p>\n

      Walde-Hoffmann (1, 62) shows that Latin\u00a0arbor<\/em>\u00a0derives from PIE *ardho<\/strong>–s<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018tree\u2019. I have o to mention that PIE *d<\/strong>(h<\/strong>), after a lateral (r<\/em>, l) turned into a\u00a0b<\/em>, a phenomenon found not only in Latin, but in Thraco-Dacian as well (see\u00a0albie<\/strong>,\u00a0vorb\u0103<\/strong>). Romanian\u00a0arbore<\/strong>\u00a0is of Latin origin, but it is less usual than\u00a0copac<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018tree\u2019 (see\u00a0copac<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0arborescent<\/em>,\u00a0arborescen\u0163\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0arboricultur\u0103<\/em>\u00a0(modern loanwords),\u00a0arboros<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      arc<\/strong>\u00a0(variant (dial.)\u00a0harc<\/em>, Aromanian\u00a0<\/em>arcu<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0arc<\/em>) (n., neut.) \u2013\u00a0 bow.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0arcus<\/em>\u00a0\u2018bow\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 113; Candrea-Densusianu, 76; Cioranescu); cf. Spanish, Portuguese\u00a0arco<\/em>, Provensal, French\u00a0arc<\/em>, as well as Albanian\u00a0ark<\/em>\u00a0(hark<\/em>). The root is found in other Indo-European languages; cf. Umbrian\u00a0ar\u00e7lataf<\/em>\u00a0\u2018arculatas (kind of pretzels)\u2019, Gothic\u00a0arhazna \u2018<\/em>bow\u2019, Old English\u00a0earh<\/em>\u00a0\u2018arrow\u2019, Greek\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0\u2018juniper\u2019, Albanian\u00a0arkit\u00eb<\/em>\u00a0\u2018osier willow\u2019 (see\u00a0r\u0103chit\u0103)<\/strong>, all from PIE *arqu<\/strong>– \u2018bent, to bend\u2019 (IEW, 67) or PIE *\u0127herk<\/strong>(h<\/strong>)\u02b7\/ *\u0127hark<\/strong>(h<\/strong>)\u02b7<\/strong>(Bomhard&Kerns, 384). The Proto-Indo-European root reconstructed by Bomhard&Kerns exhibits initial laryngeals which seems to be preserved in some (conservative) Romanian and Albanian dialects.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0arca\u015f<\/em>,\u00a0arcui<\/em>,\u00a0arcuit<\/em>,\u00a0arcuire<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      arc\u1ea1ci<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(obs.)\u00a0<\/strong>(n., masc.) \u2013 a fence separating sheep.<\/p>\n

      Turkish\u00a0arka\u00e7<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 (Hasdeu,\u00a0Etym<\/em>.,1492). It seems to be of Indo-European origin, namely from PIE *arqu-<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018bent, to bend\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 63) (see\u00a0arc<\/strong>,\u00a0arcan<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      arc\u1ea1n<\/strong>\u00a0(n., neut.) \u2013 lasso, shipknot rope.<\/p>\n

      Tatar\u00a0arkan<\/em>\u00a0\u2018lasso\u2019 (Miklosich,\u00a0Fremdw<\/em>., 175; Cioranescu); cf. Turkish, Polish, Ukrainian, Russian\u00a0arkan<\/em>. Miklosich (Wander<\/em>., 12) argues that Polish borrowed it from Romanian, but it seems that all these languages borrowed it from Romanian. The word seems to derive from the same PIE root *arqu<\/strong>– \u2018bent, to bend\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 67) (see\u00a0arc<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u1ea1rde<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0ardu<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0ard<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0<\/em>\u00e5rdu<\/em>) (vb., III) \u2013 to burn, to be hot.<\/p>\n

      Latin *ard\u0115re<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>(instead of\u00a0ard\u0113re<\/em>) (Pu\u015fcariu, 114; Candrea-Densusianu, 78;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 620; Cioranescu, 381); cf. Vegliote\u00a0<\/em>ardar<\/em>, Italian\u00a0<\/em>ardere<\/em>, Provensal, Old Frenchardre<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0ard\u0113re<\/em>\u00a0derives from PIE *as<\/strong>-,\u00a0azd<\/strong>-,\u00a0azg<\/strong>(h<\/strong>)- \u2018a arde\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 68). The root is found in many other Indo-European languages. It means \u2018altar\u2019 in Italic languages and \u2018ash\u2019 in most other languages.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0ardere<\/em>,\u00a0arsur\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0ardei<\/em>\u00a0etc.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      Arde\u1ea1l\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Transylvania (in Romanian).<\/p>\n

      It was associated with Hungarian\u00a0erdely<\/em>\u00a0\u2018forest\u2019 > Hungarian\u00a0Erdely<\/em>\u00a0\u2018Transylvania\u2019.<\/p>\n

      However, there are about 40 other place-names and river names all over Romania\u00a0 similar to it. Here are some of them:\u00a0Ardel<\/em>,\u00a0Ardaloaia<\/em>,\u00a0<\/em>Ardelei<\/em>,\u00a0Ardelion<\/em>,Ardelia<\/em>,\u00a0Ardeoani<\/em>,\u00a0<\/em>Ardota<\/em>,\u00a0Ardeu<\/em>, Arduz\u0103l etc. (cf. N. Dr\u0103ganu,\u00a0Rom\u00e2nii<\/em>…, 1933), but all these forms cannot derive from Hungarian\u00a0erdely<\/em>, since there was no language contacts between the Romanians living in these regions and Hungarians. There is no doubt that the association between\u00a0Ardeal<\/strong>\u00a0and Hungarian\u00a0erdely<\/em>\u00a0is due to folk etymology. Therefore, the Magyars associated the Romanian name of this province with a word already existing in their language.<\/p>\n

      Since the region is a plateau it seems to derive from PIE *er<\/strong>(\u0259<\/strong>)d<\/strong>\u00a0\u201etall, to wake up, to raise\u201d (IEW<\/em>, 339); cf. Avestan\u00a0\u0259r\u0259dva<\/em>\u00a0\u2018tall\u2019, latin\u00a0arduus<\/em>\u00a0\u2018tall abrupt\u2019, GaulishArduenna<\/em>\u00a0(silva<\/em>), Old Irish\u00a0ard<\/em>\u00a0\u2018height\u2019, Irish\u00a0aird<\/em>\u00a0\u2018region, territory\u2019, Albanian\u00a0rit<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to wake up. From the root derives the Romanian verb a radical \u2018to lift, to raise\u2019 (see\u00a0ridica<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0ardelean<\/em>,\u00a0ardeleanc\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0ardelenesc<\/em>,\u00a0ardelene\u015fte<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ar\u1eb9nd\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0(arind\u0103<\/em>\u00a0(Trans., Olt.),\u00a0or\u00e2nd\u0103<\/em>\u00a0(Mold.) (n., fem.) \u2013 lease, rent.<\/p>\n

      Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian, Polish, Ukrainian, Russian\u00a0<\/em>arenda<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019 (Cihac, 2, 3; Hasdeu,\u00a0Etym<\/em>.,1540); cf. Hungarian\u00a0arenda<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019. However, the word is found in a few Romance languages as well, such as Sardinian\u00a0arrendare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to lease, to rent\u2019, Spanish\u00a0arrendar<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019. Therefore, Cioranescu (383) believes that the Romanian word derives from a Late Latin *arenda<\/em>. Furthermore, there are similar forms in other Romance languages, such as Old French\u00a0rente<\/em>\u00a0(12th century), Provensalrenta<\/em>\u00a0(renda<\/em>), Spanish\u00a0renta<\/em>, Potuguese\u00a0renda<\/em>, Italian\u00a0rendita<\/em>, cognates to Latin\u00a0<\/em>reddo<\/em>,\u00a0reddere<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to give back, to return\u2019,\u00a0redditio<\/em>\u00a0\u2018giving back\u2019. The Latin verb derives from an Old Latin form *rendo<\/em>, *rendere<\/em>. In other words, these Romance forms cannot derive directly from Latin\u00a0reddo<\/em>,\u00a0reddere<\/em>. They come from some other languages and dialects from the Roman Empire. They all these derive from PIE *rent<\/strong>– \u2018wealth, property\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 865); cf. Sanskrit\u00a0ratnam<\/em>\u00a0\u2018posessions, proprety\u2019, Irish\u00a0ret<\/em>\u00a0\u2018possessions\u2019. The Slavic languages and Hungarian\u00a0 borrowed it from Romanian. Pre-Roman origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0a arenda<\/em>,\u00a0arendare<\/em>,\u00a0arenda\u015f<\/em>,\u00a0arend\u0103\u015fi\u0163\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0arend\u0103\u015fie<\/em>,\u00a0arend\u0103\u015fesc<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ar\u1eb9te<\/strong>\u00a0(dial.) (Aromanian\u00a0arete<\/em>,\u00a0areati<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0reti<\/em>,\u00a0areati<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0<\/em>arete<\/em>) (n., masc.)\u00a0 \u2013 ram.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0aries<\/em>, –etem<\/em>\u00a0\u2018ram\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 115; Candrea-Densusianu, 81;\u00a0<\/em>REW<\/em>, 645; Cioranescu, 386). Latin\u00a0arietem<\/em>\u00a0would have been *ariete<\/em>\u00a0in Romanian. The phonetics was discussed by Rosetti (1, 51).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      arg\u0103s\u1ecb<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0ar\u03b3\u0103sescu<\/em>,\u00a0ar\u03b3\u0103sire<\/em>) (vb., III) \u2013 to tan (a hide or skin).<\/p>\n

      Neo-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03b6\u03c9<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>\u2018to tan\u2019 (aorist of\u00a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b1<\/em>) (DAR<\/em>; Cioranescu, 388); cf. Bulgarian\u00a0<\/em>argasvam<\/em>, Albanian\u00a0argosh\u00eb<\/em>\u00a0\u2018skin irritation\u2019. It is not attested in ancient Greek, therefore Neo-Greek borrowed it from Aromanian. On the other hand, Albanian form is inherited. The verb derives from PIE *areq<\/strong>– \u2018to protect, to defend, to seal, to close\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 65); cf. Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c9<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to protect\u2019, Latin\u00a0<\/em>arceo<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to seal, to close\u2019. Thraco-Illyrian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0arg\u0103sire<\/em>,\u00a0arg\u0103sit<\/em>,\u00a0arg\u0103seal\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0arg\u0103sitor<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      arg\u1ea1t<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0argat<\/em>) (n., masc.) \u2013 servant, helper.<\/p>\n

      Neo-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0< Greek\u00a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0\u2018worker\u2019 (Roesler, 564; Murnu, 6); cf. Albanian\u00a0argat<\/em>, Turkish\u00a0irgat<\/em>, Bulgarian\u00a0argatin<\/em>, Serbo-Croatian\u00a0argat<\/em>. Neo-Greek origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0arg\u0103\u0163el<\/em>,\u00a0a arg\u0103\u0163i<\/em>,\u00a0arg\u0103\u0163esc<\/em>,\u00a0arg\u0103\u0163ime<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      arge\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0(obs.) (n., fem.) – 1. niche, recess (in the wall); 2. an underground room of the traditional houses.<\/p>\n

      Dacian *argilla<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>(Hasdeu,\u00a0Col. lui Traian<\/em>, 1873, 232;\u00a0Etym<\/em>. 1577-9; Densusianu,\u00a0Filologie<\/em>, 449;\u00a0Hlr<\/em>., 38;\u00a0GS<\/em>, 7, 86; Philippide,\u00a0Principii<\/em>, 33, 148; Iordan,\u00a0Dift<\/em>. 58). Hasdeu associates it with Greek\u00a0\u03ac\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1<\/em>\u00a0\u2018underground house\u2019 and Old Macedonian\u00a0\u03ac\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1<\/em>\u00a0\u2018bathroom\u2019.<\/p>\n

      Jokl (IF<\/em>, 44, 13) and Pu\u015fcariu (Lr<\/em>., 237) consider that the Old Macedonian is a loanword from Cimmerian\u00a0\u03ac\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1<\/em>; cf. Albanian\u00a0rag\u00eblia<\/em>. According to the ancient Greek and Byzantine authors Cimmerians were a Geto-Dacian tribe who lived on the northern shore of the Black Sea. Br\u00e2ncu\u015f (VALR<\/em>, 30) and I.I. Russu (Elem<\/em>., 133) associate it with PIE *areg<\/strong>– \u2018to close\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 64); cf. Sanskrit\u00a0argala<\/em>–h<\/em>\u00a0\u2018bolt\u2019.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u1ea0rge\u015f<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 river in southern Romania.<\/p>\n

      It is attested to many ancient and Byzantine authors over the centuries since Herodotus, under slightly different forms:\u00a0Ordessos<\/em>\u00a0(Herodotus),\u00a0Ordesos<\/em>\u00a0(Plinius), where\u00a0g<\/em>\u2019\u00a0<\/em>is spelled as\u00a0d<\/em>, since ancient Greek and Latin did not have this sound. Later on, we have\u00a0Argesios<\/em>,\u00a0Argisios<\/em>\u00a0(Porphyrogenitus, beginning of 10th century AD). The sufix –sio<\/em>–s<\/em>\u00a0explain the sound\u00a0\u015f<\/em>\u00a0(sh) of the modern form, since\u00a0s<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>followed by\u00a0i<\/em>\u00a0gave\u00a0\u015f<\/em>\u00a0in Romanian (see\u00a0\u015fapte<\/strong>,\u00a0\u015farpe<\/strong>), a phenomenon found in other Romanian river names (see\u00a0Arie\u015f<\/strong>,\u00a0Cri\u015f<\/strong>,\u00a0Mure\u015f<\/strong>,\u00a0Timi\u015f<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

      This river name seems to derive from PIE *ar(e)g<\/strong>\u2019-,\u00a0arg<\/strong>\u2019- \u2018white, bright\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 64) (see\u00a0argint<\/strong>). Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0Curtea<\/em>–de<\/em>–Arge\u015f<\/em>,\u00a0arge\u015fean<\/em>,\u00a0arge\u015feanc\u0103<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      arg\u1ecbnt<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0arzint<\/em>,\u00a0r\u0103zint<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0<\/em>arzint<\/em>) (n., masc.) \u2013 1. silver; 2. money (pl.).<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0argentum<\/em>\u00a0\u2018silver\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 116; Candrea-Densusianu, 82;\u00a0<\/em>REW<\/em>, 640; Cioranescu, 393).<\/p>\n

      The root is attested in many other Indo-European languages; cf. Sanskrit\u00a0\u00e1rjunah<\/em>\u00a0\u2018white, bright, pure\u2019, Greek\u00a0\u03ac\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0\u2018silver\u2019, Oscan\u00a0arageto<\/em>– \u2018id\u2019, Albanianargjent<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Irish\u00a0<\/em>argat<\/em>\u00a0\u2018silver, money\u2019, Old Welsh\u00a0argnt<\/em>\u00a0\u2018silver\u2019, Middle Cornish\u00a0argans<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Breton\u00a0<\/em>archant<\/em>\u00a0\u2019id\u2019, Armenian\u00a0arcath \u2018<\/em>id\u2019.<\/p>\n

      The Pictish personal name\u00a0Argento<\/em>–coxos<\/em>\u00a0\u2018silver leg (or hip)\u2019 (cf. Vendryes), indicates that the Celtic forms are not of Latin origin. All these forms derive from PIE *ar(e)g<\/strong>\u2019-,\u00a0arg<\/strong>\u2019- \u2018white, bright\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 64). It seems be of Thraco-Illyrian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0argint<\/em>–viu<\/em>\u00a0\u2018quick silver, mercury\u2019,\u00a0a arginta<\/em>,\u00a0argintare<\/em>,\u00a0argintat<\/em>,\u00a0argintiu<\/em>,\u00a0argintar<\/em>,\u00a0argint\u0103rie<\/em>,\u00a0argintos<\/em>,\u00a0argintiu<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      arh\u1ea1nghel<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0arhanghil<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0<\/em>ranghil\u0103<\/em>) (n., masc.) \u2013 archangel.<\/p>\n

      Medio-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ac\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0(Cioranescu, 396) from\u00a0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0\u2018leader\u2019 <\u00a0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to be the first\u2019; cf. OCS\u00a0archangel\u016d<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      arhimandr\u1ecbt<\/strong>\u00a0(n., masc.) \u2013 archimandrite, the leader of an Orthodox monastery.<\/p>\n

      Medio-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0< (Murnu, 7; Cioranescu, 399) from\u00a0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0\u2018leader\u2019 and\u00a0\u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1<\/em>\u00a0\u2018monastery\u2019.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0arhimandrie<\/em>\u00a0\u2018the title of archimandrite\u2019.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ar\u1ecbci<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0ariciu<\/em>,\u00a0ari\u0163<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0ari\u0163<\/em>) (n., masc.) \u2013 hedgehog.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0ericius<\/em>\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>\u2018<\/em><\/strong>hedgehog\u2019 (Diez, 1, 349; Pu\u015fcariu, 118; Candrea-Densusianu, 85; Cioranescu, 404); cf. Italian\u00a0riccio<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019,\u00a0 Sardinian\u00a0<\/em>rizzu<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Spanish\u00a0<\/em>erizo<\/em>, as well as Albanian\u00a0irik<\/em>\u00a0(urik<\/em>) \u2018id\u2019.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0aricioaic\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0ariceal\u0103<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u1ea1rie<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0arie<\/em>,\u00a0ar<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0ar\u03b3ie<\/em>) (n., fem.) \u2013 threshing floor (ground).<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0area<\/em>\u00a0(Pu\u015fcariu, 119; Candrea-Densusianu, 86;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 626; Cioranescu, 406). Pan-romanic; cf. Albanian\u00a0ar\u00eb<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ar\u1ecbn<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variants\u00a0anin, arine<\/em>) (n., masc.) \u2013 alder tree (Alnus glutinosa<\/em>).<\/p>\n

      Latin *alninus<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0alnus<\/em>\u00a0\u2018alder tree\u2019 (Hasdeu,\u00a0Etym.,<\/em>1205; Densusianu,\u00a0Hlr.,<\/em>\u00a0119; Pu\u015fcariu, 90;\u00a0\u00a0REW<\/em>, 375a; Cioranescu, 290). The putative Vulgar Latin etymon is not attested and it seems that ther are no other Romance derivatives from this \u201cetymon\u201d. On the other hand, the root is found in many Indo-European languages; cf. Gothic *alisa<\/em>, OHG\u00a0ellira<\/em>\u00a0\u2018alder tree\u2019, Old English\u00a0alor<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Lithuanian, Latvian\u00a0alksnis<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019,\u00a0 Old Prussian\u00a0alskande<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Gaulish *alisa<\/em>\u00a0(attested in the place name\u00a0Alisia<\/em>, where Julius Caesar defeated the Gaulish forces led by Vercingetorix, in 52 BC). From all these forms one may reconstruct a PIE *alisno<\/strong>–s<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018alder tree\u2019. In Romanian (and Thraco-Dacian) intervocalic\u00a0l<\/em>\u00a0turned into a\u00a0r<\/em>, while\u00a0<\/em>s<\/em>\u00a0was dropped, therefore\u00a0arin<\/strong>. The variant\u00a0<\/em>anin<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>is a variant of\u00a0<\/strong>arin<\/strong>. Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0arini\u015f<\/em>,\u00a0arini\u015fte<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ar\u1ecbn\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(dial.) (Aromanian\u00a0arin\u0103<\/em>) (n., masc.) \u2013 sand.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0ar\u0113na<\/em>\u00a0\u2018sand\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 119; Candrea-Densusianu; 87;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 630; Philippide, II, 632; Cioranescu, 408). Panromanic; cf. Albanian\u00a0rer\u00eb<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019. The form in found in western Romania, Macedonia and Transnistria (outside Romania\u2019s borders).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0arini\u015f<\/em>\u00a0\u2018desert\u2019,\u00a0arinos<\/em>\u00a0\u2018sandy\u2019.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ar\u1ecbp\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variant\u00a0areap\u0103<\/em>, Aromanian\u00a0arp\u0103<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0<\/em>iarip\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0reap\u0103<\/em>) (n., fem.) \u2013 wing.<\/p>\n

      Cihac (2, 476) thinks that it derives from Hungarian\u00a0rop<\/em>\u00a0\u2018flight, wing\u2019, but the derivation is not possible, while Roesler believes it sas borrowed from Greek\u00a0\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae<\/em>, but the word does not seem to exist in Greek. On the other hand,\u00a0\u03ba<\/em>\u00a0could not turn into a\u00a0<\/em>p<\/em>\u00a0in Romanian. Later there were proposed several Latin etymologies, also unacceptable. From Latin\u00a0alipes<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0ali pes<\/em>\u00a0\u2018wing foot\u2019 (Densusianu,\u00a0Hlr<\/em>., 30), a hypothesis rejected by Pu\u015fcariu (123), who says that only the first part could be admitted (cf. Latin\u00a0ala<\/em>\u00a0\u2018wing\u2019). The authors of\u00a0DAR<\/em>\u00a0propose Latin\u00a0alapa<\/em>\u00a0\u2018slap\u2019 much less acceptable, but accepted by\u00a0REW<\/em>\u00a0(319). One may propose a non-attested Vulgar Latin *alepa<\/em>, but apparently there are no cognates in any Romance language except maybe for Italian (Calabrian dialect)\u00a0alapa<\/em>\u00a0\u2018the blade of a water meal wheel\u2019.\u00a0 On the other hand, there is no doubt that Romanian\u00a0arip\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0is a cognate of Latin\u00a0ala<\/em>, but the derivation is not possible. In other words, Romanian\u00a0arip\u0103<\/strong>derives from an older *alepa<\/em>\u00a0>\u00a0\u00a0<\/em>areap\u0103<\/em>\u00a0>\u00a0arip\u0103<\/strong>. Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0aripioar\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0a \u00eenaripa<\/em>,\u00a0\u00eenaripat<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      arm\u1ea1\u015f<\/strong>\u00a0(n., masc.) \u2013 a third rank aristocrat in older Romanian hierarchy, commander of the artillery.<\/p>\n

      A derivative of\u00a0\u00a0arm\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018weapon\u2019. From Romanian it was borrowed into Hungarian\u00a0\u00e1rmas<\/em>; cf. Albanian\u00a0arm\u00eb<\/em>\u00a0\u2018weapon\u2019 (see\u00a0arm\u0103<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0arm\u0103\u015fel<\/em>,\u00a0arm\u0103\u015foaie<\/em>,\u00a0arm\u0103\u015fie<\/em>\u00a0etc.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u1ea1rm\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0arm\u0103<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0<\/em>orme<\/em>) (n., fem.) \u2013 weapon.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0arma<\/em>\u00a0\u2018weaponry, weapon\u2019 (REW<\/em>, 651); cf. Irish\u00a0arm<\/em>, considered to be a loan-word from Latin according to Vendryes (A-89). The term is also found in Homeric Greek\u00a0\u03ac\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1<\/em>, –\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0\u2018wagon, car\u2019, but especially \u2018war chariot\u2019. The noun armosa \u2018army\u2019 is found on the Sinaia inscriptions several times meaning \u2018army\u2019 which is a cognate of the Greek form. In Mycenian a-mo\/ar-mo\u00a0 means wheel. Beekes shows that the Greek noun derives from a PIE *h2er- \u2018join\u2019 (GED, I, 133).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0a arma<\/em>,\u00a0armare<\/em>,\u00a0armat\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0armament<\/em>,\u00a0a \u00eenarma<\/em>,\u00a0\u00eenarmare<\/em>\u00a0etc.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      arm\u0103s\u1ea1r<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variant\u00a0<\/em>harm\u0103sar<\/em>) (n., masc.) \u2013 stallion.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0equus<\/em>\u00a0admissarius \u2018<\/em>stallion\u2019 (Schuchardt,\u00a0Vokal<\/em>., 1, 141; Philippide, 2, 361; Pu\u015fcariu, 126; Candrea-Densusianu, 93;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 177; Cioranescu, 414). One cannot explain the\u00a0r<\/em>\u00a0in the first syllable which is also present, in the Albanian cognate\u00a0harmeshuar<\/em>\u00a0(harmeshor<\/em>) \u2018stallion\u2019, which has been elided in Sardinianammesardzu<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019.\u00a0 From Romanian it was borrowed into Ukranian\u00a0harmasar<\/em>\u00a0(Miklosich,\u00a0Wander<\/em>., 16; Candrea,\u00a0Elemente<\/em>, 404).<\/p>\n

      On the other hand,, the dialectal form\u00a0armig<\/em>\u00a0 (harmig<\/em>) \u2018id\u2019 is considered by Hasdeu (Etym<\/em>.\u00a0Magnum<\/em>…) to be of Couman, Pecheneg or Avar origin (cf. Chagataikargamaq<\/em>\u00a0\u2018thoroughbred horse\u2019) influenced by\u00a0admissarius<\/em>. The initial\u00a0h<\/em>\u00a0in Albanian and some Romanian dialects cannot be explained as well. Romanianarm\u0103sar<\/strong>\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>(harm\u0103sar<\/em>) may be a contamination of Latin\u00a0admissarius<\/em>\u00a0with\u00a0armig<\/em>\u00a0which seems to be of Thraco-Illyrian origin.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      arn\u1ecbci<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(n., neut.)\u00a0\u2013<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>dyed cotton thread or fabric.<\/p>\n

      Cf. Serbo-Croatian\u00a0jarenica<\/em>, Bulgarian\u00a0<\/em>arni\u010d<\/em>, Hungarian\u00a0arninci<\/em>. Cioranescu (420) considers it of unknown origin, but he also states that it might be a defromation of\u00a0ur\u015finic<\/em>\u00a0\u2018velvet\u2019. From Romanian it was borowed into Bulgarian\u00a0arni\u010d<\/em>\u00a0(Capidan,\u00a0Raporturile<\/em>, 220) and Hungarian\u00a0arninc<\/em>\u00a0(Candrea,\u00a0Elemente<\/em>, 406). Unknown origin.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ar\u1ecdm\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0arum\u0103<\/em>) (n., fem.) \u2013 aroma, fragrance, perfume.<\/p>\n

      Medio-Greek\u00a0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1<\/em>\u00a0(Roesler, 664; Murnu, 7; Cioranescu, 421).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0aromatic<\/em>,\u00a0aromeal\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0aromatiza<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      arpac\u1ea1\u015f<\/strong>\u00a0(n., neut.) \u2013 pearl barley.<\/p>\n

      Hungarian\u00a0\u00e1rpa k\u00e1sa<\/em>,\u00a0<\/em>\u00e1rpa<\/em>\u00a0\u2018barley\u2019 and\u00a0k\u00e1sa<\/em>\u00a0\u2018groats\u2019 (DAR); cf. Turkish\u00a0arpa<\/em>\u00a0\u2018orz\u2019, Slovakian\u00a0arpaka\u0161a<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      arpag\u1ecbc<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(n., neut.)\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 1. chive, scallion; 2. bulb for planting.<\/p>\n

      Turkish\u00a0arpacik<\/em>\u00a0(sogani<\/em>) \u2018(onion like) small barley\u2019 (Cihac, II, 544); cf. Serbian\u00a0arpag\u012dk<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ars\u1ee5r\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(n., fem.)\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 1. burn, scald; 2. heartburn.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0arsura<\/em>\u00a0(Pu\u015fcariu, 130,\u00a0REW<\/em>; 682, Cioranescu, 431); cf. Italian, Provensal, Catalan\u00a0arsura<\/em>, Spanish\u00a0asura<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      It is attested in Medieval Latin\u00a0arsura<\/em>\u00a0\u2018fire, incendiu\u2019 (cf. Niermeyer, 82). De Mauro-Mancini (151) from which derives Italian\u00a0arsura<\/em>\u00a0\u2018drought\u2019 from Medieval Latin\u00a0arsura<\/em>(m<\/em>). There was no contacts between Romanian and Medieval Latin. One should consider\u00a0\u00a0arsur\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0a derivative of Romanian from a\u00a0<\/strong>arde<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018to burn\u2019 (seearde<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ar\u015f\u1ecbc<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0a\u015fic<\/em>) (n., neut.) (obs.) \u2013 knucklebone, dib.<\/p>\n

      Turkish\u00a0a\u015fik<\/em>\u00a0\u201eanklebone, knucklebone\u201d (\u015e\u0103ineanu, 2, 26; Cioranescu, 429); cf. Albanian\u00a0a<\/em>(s<\/em>)ik<\/em>, Bulgarian\u00a0asik<\/em>, Serbo-Croatian\u00a0arsik<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u1ea1r\u015fi\u0163\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(n., fem.) \u2013 1. intense\/scorching heat, dog days; 2. fever.<\/p>\n

      Latin *arsicia<\/em>\u00a0(Pu\u015fcariu, 129; Candrea-Densusianu, 80; Cioranescu, 430); cf. Italian\u00a0arsiccio<\/em>\u00a0\u2018burned place\u2019. The meaning of Romanian and Italian forms are different. It seems that it is a derivative of Romanian language from\u00a0arde<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018to burn\u2019, as it is the case of Italian (see\u00a0arde<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ar\u0163\u1ea1g<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variant\u00a0har\u0163ag<\/em>) (n., neut.) \u2013 quarrelsomeness, peevishness.<\/p>\n

      Hungarian\u00a0harcag<\/em>\u00a0(Philippide,\u00a0Principii<\/em>, 150; Cioranescu, 433). I could not verify Hungarian\u00a0harcag<\/em>, although there is a Hungarian\u00a0harc<\/em>\u00a0\u2018fight, conflict\u2019, which is the same with Romanian\u00a0har\u0163\u0103 \u2018<\/strong>skirmish, quarrel\u2019,\u00a0a h\u0103r\u0163ui<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to bother, to harrass\u2019 (ignored by Philippide), similar to French\u00a0harasser<\/em>\u00a0(cf. English\u00a0to harass<\/em>). The noun\u00a0<\/em>ar\u0163ag<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>is a derivative of\u00a0\u00a0har\u0163\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0(see\u00a0har\u0163\u0103<\/strong>) which is of imitative origin (cf.\u00a0h\u00e2r<\/strong>). The Hungarian form seems to be a loanword from Romanian. Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivative:\u00a0ar\u0163\u0103gos<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ar\u0163\u1ea1r<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(n., masc.)\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 mapple tree (Acer platanoides<\/em>).<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0acer<\/em>\u00a0\u2018mapple tree\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 131;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 91). The derivation is not possible. Instead, Cioranescu (434) proposes a Vulgar Latin *arcearius<\/em>, but one cannot accept his hypothesis since there are not other cognates in the Romance languages deriving from this etymon. G. Iv\u0103nescu shows that it derives from PIE *ak<\/strong>\u2019ar<\/strong>(n<\/strong>)os<\/strong>\u00a0or rather *alk<\/strong>\u2019arnos<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(ark<\/strong>\u2019arnos<\/strong>) (Thraco<\/em>–Dacica<\/em>, 1976; cf.\u00a0ILR<\/em>); cf. NHG\u00a0Ahorn \u2018<\/em>mapple tree\u2019, as well as German northern dialects\u00a0Alhorn<\/em>,Elhorn<\/em>\u00a0and Sanskrit\u00a0akr\u00e1h<\/em>\u00a0\u201eid\u201d.<\/p>\n

      He argues that\u00a0ar\u0163ar<\/strong>\u00a0cannot derive from Latin\u00a0acer<\/em>\u00a0or\u00a0*arciarum<\/em>, *arcearius<\/em>\u00a0because they would give *aciar<\/em>\u00a0or *arciar<\/em>, but not\u00a0ar\u0163ar.<\/strong>\u00a0Therefore, he considers it to be of Thraco-Dacian origin. Besides, the lateral\u00a0r<\/em>, in front of\u00a0\u0163<\/em>\u00a0cannot be explained. Furthermore, PIE\u00a0k<\/strong>\u2019 folowed by a front vowel turned into a\u00a0<\/em>\u021b<\/em>\u00a0as in other Romanian words of Thraco-Dacian origin (see\u00a0\u0163ep<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      arunc\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0aruc<\/em>,\u00a0arucare<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0runc<\/em>,\u00a0rucari<\/em>) (vb., I) \u2013 1. to throw (away), to hurl; 2. to drop, to drop off.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0runcare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to weed\u2019 (Cihac, 1, 17; Pascu, 1, 62;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 2908; Cioranescu, 443); cf. Italian\u00a0<\/em>arroncare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to weed\u2019. The meaning of\u00a0arunca<\/strong>\u00a0is somehow closer to Latin\u00a0ruo<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to fall, to rush, to hurry; to hurl down\u2019, but\u00a0ruo<\/em>\u00a0cannot be the etymon of Romanian\u00a0arunca<\/strong>.\u00a0 However, there are cognates in a few other Indo-European languages; cf. Latvian\u00a0ruket<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to snatch, to uproot\u2019, Irish\u00a0<\/em>urchar<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to throw\u2019, Sanskrit\u00a0<\/em>lu\u00f1cati<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to uproot, to peel off\u2019, all from PIE *reu<\/strong>-, *reuk<\/strong>– \u2018to uproot, to throw away\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 869). Thrace-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0aruncare<\/em>,\u00a0aruncat<\/em>,\u00a0arunc\u0103tor<\/em>,\u00a0arunc\u0103tur\u0103<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      arv\u1ee5n\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0arvun\u0103<\/em>) (n., fem.) \u2013 earnest (money).<\/p>\n

      Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03ce\u03bd<\/em>\u00a0> Latin\u00a0arr(h)a(bo)<\/em>\u00a0(Cioranescu, 446); cf. Italian\u00a0arra<\/em>, French\u00a0arrhes<\/em>, Spanish\u00a0arras<\/em>, Neo-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      Phonologically, Romanian\u00a0arvun\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0cannot derive from Latin. It is closer to the Greek forms, but it can be only a loanword from Medio-Greek or Neo-Greek, when\u00a0\u03b2<\/em>\u00a0was pronounced\u00a0v<\/em>. According to Boisacq (82), Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03ce\u03bd<\/em>\u00a0is a loanword from Hebrew\u00a0er\u0101b\u014dn<\/em>\u00a0\u2018pawn, deposit\u2019. From Romanian it was borrowed into Ukrainian\u00a0arawona<\/em>\u00a0(Miklosich,\u00a0Wander<\/em>., 12).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0a arvuni<\/em>,\u00a0arvunire<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      asc\u1eb9t<\/strong>\u00a0(variants\u00a0aschit<\/em>,\u00a0aschet<\/em>\u00a0(obs.))\u00a0 (n., masc.) \u2013 1. hermit, anchorite; 2. recluse.<\/p>\n

      Medio-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0(Cioranescu, 455) from Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0\u2018exercise\u2019 < Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ca\u03bd<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to practice, to exercise\u2019, attested since 17th century.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0ascetic<\/em>,\u00a0ascetism<\/em>,\u00a0ascez\u0103<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ascult\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0ascultu<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0acult<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0ascutu<\/em>) (vb., I) \u2013 1. to listen to; 2. to obey; 3. to believe; 4. to examine.<\/p>\n

      Vulgar Latin *ascultare<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0auscultare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to listen carefully\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 138; Candrea-Densusianu, 95;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 802; Cioranescu, 457); cf. Italian\u00a0ascoltare<\/em>, Old Frenchascouter<\/em>, Old Spanish\u00a0ascuchar<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0auscultare<\/em>\u00a0derives from PIE *k<\/strong>\u2019leu<\/strong>-,\u00a0k<\/strong>\u2019lu<\/strong>– \u2018to hear\u2019,\u00a0k<\/strong>\u2019leu<\/strong>–to<\/strong>–m<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018hearing\u2019,\u00a0<\/em>k<\/strong>\u2019luti<\/strong>,\u00a0<\/em>k<\/strong>\u2019lutos \u2018<\/strong>famous\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 605) found in most Indo-European language groups. Latin\u00a0auscultare<\/em>\u00a0seems to be the result of a contamination with\u00a0ausis<\/em>\u00a0\u2018ear\u2019 with an older *kluto<\/em>\u00a0> *culto<\/em>, *cultare<\/em>. Latin origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0ascultare<\/em>,\u00a0ascultat<\/em>,\u00a0ascult\u0103tor<\/em>\u00a0etc.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      asc\u1ee5nde<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0ascundu<\/em>, Megleo-Romanian\u00a0\u015fcund<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0ascundu<\/em>) \u2013 1. to hide, to conceal; 2. to cover, to mask.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0abscondere<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to conceal\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 139; Candrea-Densusianu, 97;\u00a0<\/em>REW<\/em>, 41); cf. Italian\u00a0ascondere<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Old Provensal, Old French\u00a0esconder<\/em>, Catalanascoudir<\/em>, Old Spanish\u00a0ascouder<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0abscondere<\/em>\u00a0is a derivative of\u00a0condo<\/em>, –ere<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to construct, to hide\u2019 from PIE *(s<\/strong>)keu<\/strong>-, (s<\/strong>)keud<\/strong>– \u2018to cover, to hide\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 952). The root is found also in Germanic languages; cf. Old English\u00a0hydan<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to hide\u2019, Old Icelandic\u00a0skaud<\/em>\u00a0\u2018sheath\u2019.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0<\/em>ascundere<\/em>,\u00a0ascuns<\/em>,\u00a0ascunzi\u015f<\/em>,\u00a0ascunz\u0103toare<\/em>,\u00a0ascunz\u0103tor<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ascu\u0163\u1ecb<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(vb., IV) \u2013 1. to sharpen; 2. to grind, to whet.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0acutus<\/em>\u00a0\u2018sharp\u2019 (Cihac, 1, 18) or Latin *excotire<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0cos, cotem<\/em>\u00a0\u2018flintstone\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 140; Densusianu,\u00a0Rom<\/em>. 33, 274;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 2275; Cioranescu, 459); cf. Italianaguzzare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to sharpen\u2019, Spanish\u00a0aguzar<\/em>, Old Porvensal, Portuguese\u00a0agusar<\/em>, French\u00a0aiguisser<\/em>\u00a0< Latin *acutiare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to sharpen\u2019, as well as Old Irish\u00a0acuit<\/em>\u00a0\u2018sharp\u2019. Corominas (1, 80) considers that the Spanish form derives from a Vulgar Latin *acutiare<\/em>\u00a0>\u00a0<\/em>acutus<\/em>. De Mauro-Mancini (51) also believes that Italian\u00a0aguzzare<\/em>derives from the same Vulgar Latin etymon *acutiare<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      Romanian\u00a0ascu\u0163i<\/strong>\u00a0does not derive from *excotire<\/em>, but from something similar *acutiare<\/em>, which is the etymon of the other Romance forms. There is a cognate in\u00a0 Albanian\u00a0cokas<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to sharpen\u2019. It belongs to a larger Romanian word family\u00a0<\/em>which includes\u00a0cu\u0163it \u2018<\/strong>knife\u2019 and\u00a0<\/strong>cute \u2018<\/strong>whetstone\u2019 (see\u00a0cu\u0163it<\/strong>,\u00a0cute<\/strong>)<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0ascu\u0163eal\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0ascu\u0163ime<\/em>,\u00a0ascu\u0163itur\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0ascu\u0163itor<\/em>,\u00a0ascu\u0163itoare<\/em>,\u00a0ascu\u0163i\u015f<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      asem\u0103n\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(vb., I) \u2013 1. to be alike, to resemble; 2. to compare.<\/p>\n

      Latin *assimilare<\/em>\u00a0(Diez,\u00a0Gramm<\/em>. 1, 189; Pu\u015fcariu, 134, Cioranescu, 461). In fact, Latin\u00a0<\/em>assimilare<\/em>\u00a0is not attested in (classical) Latin, only\u00a0assimulare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to resemble, to imitate\u2019 and\u00a0simulare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to imitate, to pretend\u2019 which makes a Latin origin less plausible.<\/p>\n

      In fact, the Romanian verb is a derivative of\u00a0sam\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018reckoning, account, kind, like, a number of, etc.\u2019 which is extremely productive in Romanian, with older meanings such as \u2018a number of, same number as\u2019 from PIE *som<\/strong>–o<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018same, together\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 903). The root is found in many Indo-European language groups (seesam\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0(seam\u0103<\/em>),\u00a0<\/strong>sem\u0103na<\/strong>). Pre-Roman origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0asem\u0103nare<\/em>,\u00a0a asemui<\/em>,\u00a0asemenea<\/em>,\u00a0<\/em>asem\u0103n\u0103tor<\/em>\u00a0etc.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      asfin\u0163\u1ecb\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variant\u00a0sfin\u0163i<\/em>) (vb., IV) \u2013 1. to set, to go down (about sun or other heavely bodies); 2. (fig.) to be on the wane, to be in decay.<\/p>\n

      From\u00a0sf\u00e2nt \u2018<\/strong>holy, saint\u2019\u00a0<\/strong>(Miklosich,\u00a0Slaw. Elem.<\/em>\u00a044, Cihac) or Latin *affingere<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0effingere<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to shape, to fashion, to portray\u2019 (Cioranescu, 465). The meaning of this Latin \u201cetymon\u201d is completely different and, therefore, Cioranescu\u2019s hypothesis cannot be accepted. However, the meaning of\u00a0asfin\u0163i<\/strong>\u00a0may be compared to the Neo-Greek expression\u00a0\u03ae\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b5\u03b9<\/em>\u00a0\u2018sun is setting\/is going down\u2019 (cf. Cioranescu), where the verb\u00a0\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03bd<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>is a derivative of\u00a0\u00a0\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03c2 \u2018<\/em>king, emperor\u2019. In other words, the verb may be associated with\u00a0\u00a0sf\u00e2nt<\/strong>\u00a0. Therefore, the meaning of this verb might be in connection with some old pagan beliefs associating sunsetting and dying on one hand and to be become holy\/immortal, on the other. According to Jordanes (Getica), Dacians venerated their (religious) leaders such as Zamolxis, Deceneus and others, as prophets during their lives and they were considered gods after their death. In fact,\u00a0<\/strong>sfin\u0163i<\/strong>\u00a0means both \u2018to set, to go down (about the heavenly bodies)\u2019 and \u2018to hallow, to sanctify, canonize, to consecrate\u2019\u00a0 (see\u00a0sf\u00e2nt<\/strong>). On the other hand, it is possible that this verb may have a different origin which one cannot grasp at this moment. Possible Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0asfin\u0163ire<\/em>,\u00a0asfin\u0163it<\/em>,\u00a0asfin\u0163it\u0103<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      asi\u1ea1tic<\/strong>\u00a0(variants\u00a0asiaticesc<\/em>,\u00a0asian<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>(obs.) (adj.; n. masc.) \u2013 Asian.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0asiaticus<\/em>\u00a0\u2018Asian\u2019. The form\u00a0asiaticesc<\/em>\u00a0is attested in the 16th century.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      as\u1ecbn<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variants\u00a0asen<\/em>,\u00a0as\u00e2n<\/em>\u00a0(obs.), istr.\u00a0\u0105sir<\/em>) (n., masc.) \u2013 donkey.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0asinus<\/em>\u00a0\u2018ass, donkey\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 135; Candrea-Densusianu, 100;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 704). It is possible that the form has been remodeled later. It is also possible to be a loanword from 15-16 centuries. In fact,\u00a0asin<\/strong>\u00a0is a bookish word, rarely used in everyday language. It seems it was introduced in Romanian through the religious literature. The usual word for \u2018donkey\u2019 in Romanian is\u00a0m\u0103gar<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(see\u00a0m\u0103gar<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

      According to Walde-Hoffmann (1, 72-73), Latin\u00a0asinus<\/em>\u00a0is a loanword from Thraco-Illyrian which borrowed it from a Middle East language. The root is found in many different languages; cf. Turkish, Tatar\u00a0esek<\/em>\u00a0\u2018donkey\u2019, Basque\u00a0astakilo<\/em>\u00a0\u2018donkey\u2019,\u00a0astoeme<\/em>\u00a0\u2018she-donkey\u2019, Hebrew\u00a0aton<\/em>\u00a0\u2018she-donkey\u2019.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      asmu\u0163\u1ecb<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variants\u00a0<\/em>a<\/em>(s<\/em>)mu\u0163a<\/em>,\u00a0sumu\u0163i<\/em>,\u00a0sumu\u0163a<\/em>) (vb., IV) \u2013 to hound at, to urge (on), to set (on).<\/p>\n

      Vulgar Latin\u00a0ex<\/em>–*mucciare<\/em>\u00a0(REW<\/em>, 5707; Candrea-Densusianu, 1197).\u00a0 Needless to say that this hypothesis makes no sense and it should be rejected. There is no attestation of this latin \u201cverb\u201d or something similar to it and there are no other cognates in any of the Romance languages. However, this verb seems to have a cognate in Lithuanian\u00a0atsmunti<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to reject, to chase back\u2019. The prefix\u00a0at<\/em>-, in Lithuanian, derives from PIE *ad<\/strong>, and it explains the initial\u00a0a<\/em>\u00a0of the Romanian form which derives from an older *ad<\/em>–smutire<\/em>. There are other such parallels between Lithuanian and Romanian (see\u00a0aminte<\/strong>). Both Romanian and Lithuanian forms seem to derive from PIE *smeit<\/strong>-,\u00a0smit<\/strong>– \u2018to throw\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 968); cf. Latin\u00a0mitto<\/em>, –ere<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to let go, to let run away, to send\u2019. Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0asmu\u0163ire<\/em>,\u00a0asmu\u0163it<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      asp\u1ecbd\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(n., fem.) \u2013 1. asp; 2. nagging woman.<\/p>\n

      Medio-Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c3\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03b1<\/em>\u00a0(Cioranescu, 478); cf. OCS\u00a0aspida<\/em>, Spanish\u00a0aspid<\/em>, French\u00a0aspic<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      In fact, the real Greek noun is\u00a0\u03b1\u03c3\u03c0\u03af\u03c2<\/em>, –\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0\u2018asp\u2019, considered of obscure origin by Boisacq (90), but he associates it with Hebrew\u00a0\u015bepa<\/em>\u00a0\u2018asp\u2019. Corominas (1, 382) derives Spanish\u00a0aspid<\/em>\u00a0from Latin\u00a0aspis<\/em>, itself of Greek origin. It may have been a Balkan word, found in Greek and Thraco-Illyrian as well, which spread later to Latin and other European languages.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u1ea1spru<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0aspru<\/em>) (adj.) \u2013 1. hard, rough. 2. shaggy; 3. severe, stern; 4. brisk.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0asper<\/em>\u00a0\u2018rough, bitter, austere\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 146; Candrea-Densusianu, 191;\u00a0<\/em>REW<\/em>, 768; Cioranescu, 479); cf. Italian\u00a0aspro<\/em>, Provensal, Catalan\u00a0aspre<\/em>, Frenchapre<\/em>, Spanish, Portuguese\u00a0aspero<\/em>, as well as Albanian\u00a0ashp\u00ebr<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0<\/em>a<\/em>\u00a0(se<\/em>)\u00a0aspri<\/em>,\u00a0asprime<\/em>,\u00a0aspreal\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0a<\/em>\u00a0(se<\/em>)\u00a0\u00een\u0103spri<\/em>,\u00a0\u00een\u0103spreal\u0103<\/em>\u00a0etc.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ast\u00e2mp\u0103r\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variant\u00a0a st\u00e2mp\u0103ra<\/em>) (vb., I) \u2013 1. to quiet, to calm down; 2. to quench.<\/p>\n

      Latin *extemperare<\/em>\u00a0(Densusianu,\u00a0Rom<\/em>., 33; Pu\u015fcariu, 152;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 3082; Rosetti, 1, 163; Cioranescu, 486).<\/p>\n

      Vulgar Latin *extemperare<\/em>\u00a0is not attested (only\u00a0tempero,<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>–are<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to abstain, to be moderate, to mix properly\u2019 which is a cognate of\u00a0ast\u00e2mp\u0103r\u1ea1<\/strong>. There are no other cognates in Romance languages from *extemperare<\/em>. The prefix\u00a0ex<\/em>– in front of some verbs usually change the meaning or in some cases it gives the opposite meaning. In fact, in other Indo-European languages there are cognate with an intial (a)s-. Romnaian\u00a0ast\u00e2mp\u0103ra<\/strong>\u00a0is a derivative of a\u00a0st\u00e2mp\u0103ra<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      Benveniste (M\u00e9l. Vendryes<\/em>) associates Latin\u00a0<\/em>tempero<\/em>\u00a0with Sanskrit (aor.)\u00a0astambhit<\/em>\u00a0and Greek\u00a0\u00a0\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03c9<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to shake, to ill-treat\u2019 and proposes PIE *(s<\/strong>)temb<\/strong>(h<\/strong>) \u2018to heat, to break by hitting\u2019 as a common root and Boisacq (909) reconstructs PIE *stemb<\/strong>-,\u00a0stembh<\/strong>– for the Greek form associating it with OHG\u00a0stamfon<\/em>\u00a0and Old Norse\u00a0stappa<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to tread under foot, to crush\u2019 and I would add English to\u00a0<\/em>stamp<\/em>\u00a0(under one\u2019s foot). In Romanian there is the expression \u2018a st\u00e2mp\u0103ra focul\u2019 by crushing (partially) the embers. It is obvious that Romanian\u00a0ast\u00e2mp\u0103ra<\/strong>\u00a0is cognate with all these forms. Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0ast\u00e2mp\u0103rare<\/em>,\u00a0ast\u00e2mp\u0103r<\/em>,\u00a0ast\u00e2mp\u0103rat<\/em>,\u00a0neast\u00e2mp\u0103rat<\/em>, etc.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u1ea1stfel<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(adv.) \u2013 1. thus, in this way, like this; 2. therefore, hence.<\/p>\n

      A compound form from\u00a0ast<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>(\u0103st<\/em>) \u015fi\u00a0fel<\/strong>\u00a0(see\u00a0fel<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      astrah\u1ea1n<\/strong>\u00a0(variant\u00a0astracan<\/em>) (n., masc.) \u2013 Astrak(h)an fur.<\/p>\n

      From Russian\u00a0Astrahan<\/em>\u00a0\u2018city and province in Russia\u2019.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      astr\u0103g\u1ea1ci<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(n., neut.)\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 a shoemaker\u2019s tool used to stretch the sole shoes and boots and to turn over the bootleg.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0extrahere<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to drag out, to release\u2019\u00a0<\/em>(Philippide,\u00a0ZRPh.<\/em>, 1907, 294; Pascu,\u00a0Suf<\/em>., 198) or Hungarian\u00a0eszterg\u00e1zni<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to return\u2019 (Scriban; Cioranescu, 489); cf. Bulgarian\u00a0straga\u010d<\/em>. Cioranescu argues that the original Hungarian etymon was contaminated with Romanian\u00a0tr\u0103gaci<\/em>\u00a0\u2018trigger, cock\u2019, but it does not make any sense. In fact, both these nouns have similar from meaning and derive from a\u00a0trage<\/strong>.\u00a0 Regarding Latin\u00a0extrahere<\/em>, the Latin laryngeal\u00a0<\/em>h<\/em>\u00a0could not turn into a\u00a0<\/em>g<\/em>, in Romanian.\u00a0 In Roman Imperial time, the laryngeal was not pronounced anymore, facts ignored by these authors. On the other hand, a Hungarian etymon could not explain the Bulgarian form which is clearly a loanword from Romanian. Both these nouns\u00a0astr\u0103gaci<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0tr\u0103gaci<\/em>\u00a0are derivatives of a\u00a0trage<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018to pull, to draw\u2019 (seetrage<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      astrol\u1ea1b<\/strong>\u00a0(n., neut.) \u2013 astrolab.<\/p>\n

      Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>,\u00a0\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd<\/em>\u00a0(G\u00e1ldi,\u00a0Les mots<\/em>, 155) from\u00a0\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0\u2018star\u2019,\u00a0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to catch, to take\u2019; cf. French\u00a0astrolabe<\/em>. Attested since 17th century.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      astrol\u1ecdg<\/strong>\u00a0(n., masc.) \u2013 astrologer.<\/p>\n

      Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0(G\u00e1ldi,\u00a0Les mots<\/em>, 155) from\u00a0astro<\/em>–\u00a0<\/em>and <\u00a0\u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/em>; cf. French\u00a0astroloque<\/em>. Attested since 17th century.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives;\u00a0astrologhicesc<\/em>,\u00a0astrologic<\/em>,\u00a0astrologie<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      astron\u1ecdm<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(n., masc.) \u2013 astronomer.<\/p>\n

      Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0(G\u00e1ldi,\u00a0Les mots<\/em>, 155)\u00a0<\/em>din\u00a0astro<\/em>– (v.\u00a0astro<\/strong>-),\u00a0\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0\u2018law, custom\u2019 <\u00a0\u03bd\u03ad\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u2018<\/em>to control, to dominate\u2019; cf. French astronome (v.\u00a0neam<\/strong>\u00b9,\u00a0noim\u0103<\/strong>). Attested since 17th century.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0astronomicesc<\/em>,\u00a0astronomic<\/em>,\u00a0astronomie<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      astruc\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 1. to bury (obs.); 2. to cover.<\/p>\n

      Vulgar Latin *astru<\/em>(i<\/em>)care<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0astruere<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to build near, to add\u2019 (Meyer-L\u00fcbke,\u00a0<\/em>ZRPh<\/em>., 27, 253; Pu\u015fcariu, 153; Candrea-Densusianu, 106;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 748; Rosetti, I, 163).<\/p>\n

      The meaning of the putative Latin etymon is quite different and there no any Romance cognates. Latin\u00a0astruo<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>is a derivative of\u00a0struo<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to pile up, to build\u2019 from PIE *ste<\/strong>-,\u00a0stre<\/strong>-,\u00a0streu<\/strong>– \u2018to stretch, to spread\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 1029); cf. Avestan\u00a0star<\/em>\u00a0\u2018shelter, bed\u2019, Umbrian\u00a0stru\u00e7la<\/em>\u00a0as well as\u00a0 Latin\u00a0struix<\/em>\u00a0\u2018pile\u2019. The meaning of\u00a0 the derivative\u00a0astruc\u0103m\u00e2nt<\/em>\u00a0\u2018cover, blanket\u2019 (dial., Banat) is closer to the one of the original root. It seems to be of Thraco=Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0astrucare<\/em>,\u00a0astrucat<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      astup\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0astup<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian (a<\/em>)stup<\/em>, (h<\/em>)\u0103stup<\/em>) (vb., I) \u2013 1. to stop up, to close up, to obturate; 2. to cork.<\/p>\n

      Latin *adstuppare<\/em>\u00a0<\/em><\u00a0stuppa<\/em>\u00a0\u2018coarse hemp or flax\u2019 (Philippide,\u00a0Principii<\/em>, 99; Pu\u015fcariu, 154;\u00a0<\/em>REW<\/em>, 8333; Cioranescu, 495). Latin\u00a0stuppa<\/em>\u00a0is considered to be a loanword from Greek\u00a0\u03c3\u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03c0\u03b7<\/em>; cf. Albanian\u00a0shtup\u00eb<\/em>\u00a0\u2018coarse fibers\u2019.\u00a0 The root is found in other\u00a0 Indo-European language groups. In Germanic languages; cf. Dutchstoppen<\/em>, Old English, OHG\u00a0stopfon<\/em>\u00a0are all from Vulgar Latin *stuppare<\/em>. Other cognates in Celtic languages: cf. Breton\u00a0stouva<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to close, to stop up, to cork\u2019, Breton\u00a0stouv<\/em>\u00a0\u2018cork\u2019 come closer to Romanian\u00a0astupa<\/strong>\u00a0as well as Hittite\u00a0i\u0161tap<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to cover, to close\u2019. All these forms seem to derive from PIE *(s<\/strong>)teup<\/strong>– \u2018to push, to thrust, to close up\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 1034).\u00a0 Romanian\u00a0<\/strong>dop<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018cork\u2019 is related to these forms, but it has no c(see\u00a0dop<\/strong>). To sum up, the verb\u00a0astupa<\/strong>\u00a0may be either a derivative of Romanian language from Latin\u00a0stuppa<\/em>\u00a0or rather of Thraco-Illyrian origin since\u00a0<\/em>stuppa<\/em>\u00a0existed previously in Balkan languages. I should mention that Albanian\u00a0shtup\u00eb<\/em>\u00a0is not of Latin origin due to the fact Latin\u00a0s<\/em>\u00a0remains\u00a0s<\/em>\u00a0in Albanian, only the Proto-Indo-European *s<\/em>\u00a0turned into\u00a0sh<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>in Albanian.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0astup\u0103tur\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0astup\u0103toare<\/em>,\u00a0astup\u0103tor<\/em>,\u00a0astupu\u015f<\/em>,\u00a0destupa<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      asud\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0asud<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0sud<\/em>) (vb., I) \u2013 1. to sweat, to perspirate; 2. to steam, to become damp.<\/p>\n

      Latin *assudare<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>(Pu\u015fcariu, 155; Candrea-Densusianu, 107;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 3076; Rosetti). This putative Latin etymon is not attested and there are not any Romance cognates deriving from it. In Latin there is\u00a0sudo<\/em>\u00a0\u201eto sweat\u201d from which derive the Romance languages forms. The root is found in many other Indo-European languages: cf. Sanskrit\u00a0svidyati<\/em>,\u00a0svedate<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to sweat\u2019,\u00a0sveda<\/em>\u00a0\u2018sweat\u2019, Avestan\u00a0\u03c7vaeda<\/em>\u00a0\u2018sweat\u2019, Latvian\u00a0sviedri<\/em>\u00a0\u2018sweat\u2019, Greek (\u03b5<\/em>)\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, OHG\u00a0swissen<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to sweat\u2019 and so on, all from PIE *sueid<\/strong>– , with nominal forms *su<\/strong>(e<\/strong>)dro<\/strong>,\u00a0suoido \u2018<\/strong>sweat\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 1043) (see\u00a0sudoare \u2018<\/strong>sweat\u2019).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0asudare<\/em>,\u00a0asudat<\/em>,\u00a0asud\u0103tor<\/em>,\u00a0asud\u0103tur\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0neasudat<\/em>\u00a0etc.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      as\u1ee5pra<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0asupr\u0103<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0supr\u0103<\/em>) (adv.) \u2013 1. over, above; 2. against.<\/p>\n

      Latin *ad<\/em>–supra<\/em>\u00a0(Pu\u015fcariu, 156;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 200; Cioranescu, 497). There are no cognates in other Romance languages, except for Sardinian\u00a0assubra<\/em>. The root is found in many other Indo-European languages; cf. Sanskrit\u00a0upari<\/em>, Avestan\u00a0upari \u2018<\/em>above\u2019, Greek\u00a0\u03b0\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1<\/em>, Umbrian\u00a0super<\/em>,\u00a0subra<\/em>, Albanian\u00a0sip\u00ebr<\/em>\u00a0and so on, all from\u00a0<\/em>PIE *uper<\/strong>,\u00a0uperi \u2018<\/strong>over, above\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 1105).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0deasupra<\/em>,\u00a0a asupri<\/em>,\u00a0asuprire<\/em>,\u00a0asupreal\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0asupritor<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      asurz\u1ecb<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0asurdz\u0103scu<\/em>) (vb., IV) \u2013 1. to grow deaf; 2. to deafen.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0 *assurdire<\/em>\u00a0<\/em><\u00a0obsurdesco<\/em>\u00a0(Pu\u015fcariu, 157;\u00a0<\/em>REW<\/em>, 6024; Cioranescu, 498); cf. French\u00a0assourdir<\/em>, Italian\u00a0assordire<\/em>, as well as Albanian\u00a0shurd\u00ebr \u2018<\/em>deaf\u2019. It seems to be a derivative of\u00a0<\/strong>surd<\/strong>\u00a0(see\u00a0surd \u2018<\/strong>deaf\u2019).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0asurzire<\/em>,\u00a0asurzitor<\/em>,\u00a0asurzeal\u0103<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      a\u015f\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variants\u00a0a\u015fe<\/em>,\u00a0a\u015fea<\/em>, Aromanian\u00a0ac\u015fe<\/em>,\u00a0a\u015fi\u0163e<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0\u015fa<\/em>, Istro-Romanian (a<\/em>)\u015fo<\/em>) (adv.) \u2013 1. such, in this way, like this; 2. so.<\/p>\n

      Latin *ac sic<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0sic<\/em>\u00a0\u2018thus\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 133;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 7897; Cioranescu, 450); cf. Italian\u00a0cosi<\/em>, Spanish\u00a0asi<\/em>, Provensal\u00a0aissi<\/em>, as well as Sanskrit\u00a0<\/em>asan<\/em>\u00a0\u2018so and so\u2019, Sanskrit\u00a0ish<\/em>\u00a0\u2018so, also\u2019, Old Latin\u00a0suad \u2018<\/em>so\u2019, Greek\u00a0\u03ce\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, all from PIE *s\u016do<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018thus, so\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 884). The adverb\u00a0a\u015fa<\/strong>\u00a0cannot derive from Latin *ac sic<\/em>\u00a0or\u00a0sic<\/em>\u00a0which would not give\u00a0a\u015fa<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>in Romanian. Although there are some similar forms in other Romance languages, but they cannot not derive from the same Vulgar Lartin etymon. Romanian\u00a0a\u015fa<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>is closer to Old Latin\u00a0suad<\/em>\u00a0and PIE *s\u016do<\/strong>. It derives from an older *acsua<\/em>\u00a0> *asia<\/em>. It seems to be of pre-Roman origin.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      a\u015fad\u1ea1r<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(adv.) \u2013 therefore, hence.<\/p>\n

      It is a compound form from\u00a0a\u015fa<\/strong>\u00a0<\/em>and\u00a0dar<\/strong>\u00a0(see\u00a0a\u015fa<\/strong>,\u00a0dar<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018but\u2019,\u00a0iar \u2018<\/strong>but, and\u2019).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u1ea1\u015fchie<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0iascl\u2019\u0103<\/em>) (n., fem.) \u2013 chip, sliver, splinter.<\/p>\n

      Vulgar Latin *ascla<\/em>\u00a0< *astula<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0assula<\/em>\u00a0\u2018splinter, chip\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 136; Candrea-Densusianu, 94;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 736); cf. Vegliote\u00a0<\/em>jaska<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Napolitan\u00a0a\u0161ka<\/em>, Italian (dial.)aschia<\/em>,\u00a0 Italian\u00a0<\/em>ascola<\/em>, Spanish\u00a0astilla<\/em>, as well as Albanian\u00a0ashk\u00eb<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Neo-Greek\u00a0<\/em>\u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03bb\u03b1<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019.<\/p>\n

      As one may see the Romance forms presuppose many different Vulgar Latin etymons. Corominas (1, 284) derives Spanish\u00a0astilla<\/em>\u00a0from a Medieval Latin\u00a0ast\u0115lla \u2018<\/em>little chip or splinter\u2019, while different Italian dialects presuppose other etymons. Some of the Italian dialectal forms are closer to the Romanian and Albanian ones. The Neo-Greek form is a loanword from Aromanian. It seems to be of\u00a0 Thraco-Illyrian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0a a\u015fchia<\/em>,\u00a0a\u015fchiere<\/em>,\u00a0a\u015fchiu\u0163\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0a\u015fchioar\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0a\u015fchios<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      a\u015fez\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0a\u015fedz<\/em>) (vb., I) \u2013 1. to seat (someone), to sit down; 2. to place, to put, to set, to lay; 3. to pile, to stack; 4. to settle down, to lay down.<\/p>\n

      Latin *assediare<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0sedere<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to sit down\u2019\u00a0<\/em>(Hasdeu,\u00a0Etym<\/em>., 1992; Pu\u015fcariu, 142;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 721; Cioranescu, 464). The only Romance cognate seems to be Frenchasseoir<\/em>\u00a0< Vulgar Latin *assedere<\/em>\u00a0(cf. Dauzat, 51) (see\u00a0<\/strong>\u015fedea \u2018<\/strong>to sit\u2019).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0a\u015fezare<\/em>,\u00a0a\u015fezat<\/em>,\u00a0a\u015fez\u0103m\u00e2nt<\/em>,\u00a0a\u015fez\u0103tor<\/em>,\u00a0a\u015fez\u0103tur\u0103<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      a\u015fte\u1ea1m\u0103t<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(obs.) (adv.)\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 1. secretly, stealthly; 2. slowly, quitely.<\/p>\n

      It was associated with Latin\u00a0schema<\/em>\u00a0< Greek\u00a0\u03c3\u03c7\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1<\/em>\u00a0(Pu\u015fcariu,\u00a0Dacor<\/em>., 5, 411-420) or with\u00a0\u0161timati<\/em>\u00a0> Latin\u00a0aestimare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to estimate\u2019 (Iordan,\u00a0RF<\/em>, 2, 276). Needless to say that neither of\u00a0 these hypotheses can be accepted for either phonological or semantic reasons. Cioranescu (483) considers it to be of unknown origin. This word may be associated with PIE *tem<\/strong>(\u01dd<\/strong>)- \u2018dark\u2019 (IEW, 1063), found in many Indo-European languages with this meaning including Romanian\u00a0\u00eentuneca<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018to become dark\u2019,\u00a0\u00eentuneric<\/em>\u00a0\u2019dark\u2019. The root is found also in other Nostratic languages from Proto-Nostratic *t<\/strong>(\u02b0<\/strong>)am<\/strong>-, *t<\/strong>(\u02b0<\/strong>)\u01ddm<\/strong>– \u2018to cover over, to hide; to become dark\u2019 (B&K, 101). The meaning in some Afrasian languages is closer to\u00a0\u00a0a\u015fteam\u0103t<\/strong>; cf. Egyptian\u00a0<\/em>tms<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to hide, to cover, to bury\u2019, Coptic\u00a0<\/em>t\u014dms \u2018<\/em>to bury\u2019. Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      a\u015ftept\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromnian\u00a0a\u015fteptu<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0\u015ftet<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0a\u015fteptu<\/em>) (vb., I) \u2013 1. to wait (for), to await; 2. to expect; 3. to hope for.<\/p>\n

      Latin *adspectare<\/em>\u00a0> *astectare<\/em>\u00a0(Meyer-L\u00fcbke,\u00a0Gramm<\/em>. 1, 469; Pu\u015fcariu, 151; Densusianu,\u00a0Rom<\/em>., 33, 274; Candrea-Densusianu, 104;\u00a0<\/em>REW<\/em>, 3039; Cioranescu, 484); cf. Italian\u00a0aspettare<\/em>, Calabrian\u00a0astettare<\/em>. These putative Latin etymons have no attestation, although they are similar to Latin\u00a0expectare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to look out for, to wait for, to hope for\u2019, a derivative of\u00a0\u00a0spectare<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to watch, to examine, to consider\u2019. All these forms derive from PIE *spek<\/strong>– \u2018to look at\u2019,\u00a0spek-to<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018to behold, to perceive, to sight\u2019; cf. Sanskrit\u00a0spa\u015bati<\/em>\u00a0(III, sg.) \u2018to see, to look at\u2019, Avestan\u00a0spasyeiti<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to look at\u2019, Greek\u00a0\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9<\/em>\u00a0(I, sg.) \u2018to look at\u2019.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0a\u015fteptare<\/em>,\u00a0a\u015fteptat<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      a\u015ft\u1eb9rne<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0a\u015fternu<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0<\/em>\u015ftern<\/em>, Istro-Romanian\u00a0<\/em>(a)\u015fternu<\/em>) (vb., III) \u2013 1. to spread (out), to lay out; 2. to make one\u2019s bed; 3. to write down.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0asternere<\/em>\u00a0\u2018prostrate oneself\u2019 (Cipariu,\u00a0Gramm.,<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>107; Pu\u015fcariu, 151; Candrea-Densusianu, 105;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 8248; Cioranescu, 485). Latin\u00a0asterno<\/em>, –ere<\/em>\u00a0is a derivative of\u00a0sterno<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to spread, strew, scatter, lay out\u2019 which is semantically much closer to Romanian\u00a0a\u015fterne.<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>The root is found in many other Indo-European languages; cf. Greek\u00a0\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03bd\u03c5\u03c9<\/em>\u00a0\u201eto spread\u201d, Albanian\u00a0shtrin<\/em>\u00a0\u201eto spread\u201d, Old Irish\u00a0sernim<\/em>\u00a0\u201eto spread out, to lay out\u201d, which are also semantically closer to\u00a0a\u015fterne<\/strong>. All derive from PIE *ster<\/strong>-,\u00a0steru<\/strong>-,\u00a0streu<\/strong>– \u201eto spread (out), to lay out\u201d (IEW<\/em>, 1029). In other words this Romanian verb is rather a derivative from the root\u00a0stern<\/em>–o<\/em>\u00a0which might be of Latin or Thraco-Dacian origin, prefixed with\u00a0<\/em>a<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0a\u015fternere<\/em>,\u00a0a\u015fternut<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      at\u1ea1re<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0a(h)tare<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0<\/em>ftari<\/em>,\u00a0(h)tare<\/em>) (adv.) \u2013 such, as such.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0talis<\/em>\u00a0\u2018of such a kind\u2019 (Cioranescu, 502). Similar froms are found in other Romance languages; cf. Old French\u00a0<\/em>itel<\/em>\u00a0> French\u00a0tel<\/em>\u00a0\u2018such\u2019, Provensal\u00a0aital<\/em>, Old Spanish\u00a0atal<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>> Spanish\u00a0<\/em>tal<\/em>.\u00a0 All these forms seem to derive from a Vulgar Latin *atal<\/em>–i<\/em>; cf. OCS\u00a0tol\u016d<\/em>\u00a0\u2018thus, such\u2019.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      at\u00e2rn\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(vb., I) \u2013 to hang, to be suspended, to hang down.<\/p>\n

      According to Cihac (2, 476), it is a loanword from Hungarian\u00a0aterni<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to spread over\u2019, while Cioranescu (519) considers it of uncertain origin. This verb is found in all Romanian dialects and, therefore, it cannot be of Hungarian origin. On the other hand, Romanian\u00a0at\u00e2rna<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>is synonymous with\u00a0<\/strong>anina<\/strong>\u00a0and it seems they have the same origin, namely from from PIE *ar<\/strong>– \u2018to divide, to hang, to go up\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 61) through an older *arnina<\/em>\u00a0>\u00a0at\u00e2rna<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(see\u00a0anina<\/strong>). Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0at\u00e2rnat<\/em>,\u00a0at\u00e2rn\u0103toare<\/em>,\u00a0at\u00e2rn\u0103tur\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0neat\u00e2rnare<\/em>,\u00a0neat\u00e2rnat<\/em>,\u00a0t\u00e2rna\u0163<\/em>\u00a0\u201ebalcony, terrace\u201d(Trans.).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      at\u1eadt<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0aht\u00e2ntu<\/em>,\u00a0ah\u00e2t<\/em>,\u00a0at\u00e2nt<\/em>, mgl.\u00a0t\u0103ntu<\/em>) (adv.)\u00a0 \u2013 1. so much, so long; 2. as much as, as far.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0eccum tantum<\/em>\u00a0(Pu\u015facariu, 162; Densusianu,\u00a0Rom<\/em>. 33, 274; Candrea-Densusianu, 110;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 8562). Derivatives from Latin\u00a0tantus<\/em>\u00a0are found in all Romance languages.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0tantus<\/em>, –a<\/em>, –um<\/em>\u00a0\u2018so great\u2019 is derived from\u00a0tam<\/em>\u00a0\u2018equally\u2019, being reconstruceed after\u00a0quantus<\/em>\u00a0(cf. Walde, II, 648); cf. Oscan\u00a0e<\/em>–tanto<\/em>\u00a0\u2018tanta\u2019, Umbrian\u00a0e<\/em>–tantu<\/em>\u2018tanta\u2019. The initial\u00a0e<\/em>– in Oscan and Umbrian forms brings them closer to the Romanian ones. In other words, it is clearly not necessary to start from a Latin\u00a0eccum tantum<\/em>\u00a0to have Romanian\u00a0at\u00e2t<\/strong>. It seems to be of Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      at\u1ecbnge<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(vb., III)\u00a0 \u2013 1. to touch, to brush against; 2. to disturb, to trouble; 3. to offend; 4. to reach.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0attingere<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to touch, to reach, to attack\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 161; Candrea-Densusianu, 108;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 768); cf. Italian\u00a0attingere<\/em>, Old Provensal\u00a0atenher<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0attingere<\/em>\u00a0is a derivative of\u00a0tango \u2018<\/em>id\u2019 from PIE *tag<\/strong>– \u2018to touch, to take\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 1054); cf. Gothic\u00a0t\u0113kan<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to touch\u2019, Old Norse\u00a0taka<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to take\u2019, Old Irish\u00a0tongid<\/em>(III, sg.) \u2018to swear\u2019, cymr.\u00a0tyngu<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to swear\u2019.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0atingere<\/em>,\u00a0atins<\/em>,\u00a0ating\u0103tor<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      atl\u1ea1s<\/strong>\u00a0(n., neut.) \u2013 atlas, books of maps.<\/p>\n

      From\u00a0\u00a0Atlas \u2018<\/em>a titan of classical mythology\u2019 (since 17th century).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      at\u1ee5nci<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0atun\u0163ea<\/em>, Megleno-Roamanian\u00a0tun\u0163ea<\/em>, Istro-Romanian (a<\/em>)tun\u0163<\/em>) (adv.) \u2013 1. then, in that time; 2. consequently, therefore.<\/p>\n

      Latin *ad tunc ce<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0tunc<\/em>\u00a0\u2018then\u2019 (Philippide,\u00a0Principii<\/em>, 92; Pu\u015fcariu, 164; Candrea-Densusianu, 114;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 810; Cioranescu, 528). Similar forms are found only in the Romance languages from the Iberian Peninsula; cf. Catalan\u00a0adonchs<\/em>, Spanish\u00a0entonces<\/em>, Old Portuguese\u00a0entom<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      The form\u00a0<\/em>tunc<\/em>\u00a0was used until Rome\u2019s Republican times, later it was used\u00a0tum<\/em>, while\u00a0tunc<\/em>\u00a0was used only emphatically. In Medieval Latin appears the form\u00a0ad tunc<\/em>which could not possibly have any influence on Romanian. Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u1ea1\u0163\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(n., fem.) \u2013 1. thread, fiber; 2. directly, straight on.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0acia<\/em>\u00a0\u2018thread, yarn\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 158;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 102; Cioranescu, 500); cf. Italian\u00a0acia<\/em>, Calabrian\u00a0<\/em>azza<\/em>, Venetian\u00a0atssa<\/em>, Milanese\u00a0asa<\/em>, Engadine\u00a0<\/em>atsa<\/em>.\u00a0 In fact, Latinacia<\/em>\u00a0would give in Romanian \u00a0 \u00a0 *ace<\/em>\u00a0or something similar. Romanian form comes much closer to the Calabrian, Venetian and Engadine forms. Walde -Hoffmann(I, 8) derives\u00a0acia<\/em>\u00a0< *aquia<\/em>\u00a0from\u00a0acus<\/em>\u00a0\u201eneedle\u201d; cf. Armenian\u00a0as\u0142ani \u2018<\/em>thread\u2019,\u00a0ase\u0142n<\/em>\u00a0\u2018needle\u2019.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0a\u0163ic\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0a\u0163os<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      a\u0163\u00e2\u0163\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(adv.) \u2013 1. to light, to kindle; 2. to stir up, to instigate.<\/p>\n

      Latin *attitiar<\/em>e from\u00a0\u00a0titio<\/em>\u00a0\u2018firebrand, piece of\u00a0 burning wood\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu,\u00a0Lat. ti<\/em>, 40; Pu\u015fcariu, 163; Candrea-Densusianu, 111;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 769; Cioranescu, 521). Romanian\u00a0a\u0163\u00e2\u0163a<\/strong>\u00a0should be associated with\u00a0 a\u00a0<\/strong>\u00eente\u0163i<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018to grow, to kindle\u2019 (see\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>\u00eente\u0163i<\/strong>,\u00a0t\u0103ciune<\/strong>). The Latin etymon has no attestation and there are no other cognates in any of the Romance languages. It seems to be of pre-Roman origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0a\u0163\u00e2\u0163are<\/em>,\u00a0a\u0163\u00e2\u0163at<\/em>,\u00a0a\u0163\u00e2\u0163\u0103tor<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      a\u0163\u1ecbne<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(vb., III)\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 1. to be on the watch of somebody, to be in wait of somebody; 2. to be in watch for.<\/p>\n

      Lat. *attenare<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0attinere<\/em>\u00a0\u2018hold on\/to\/together\/back\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 160; Cioranescu, 515). It should be considered a derivative of Romanian from a\u00a0<\/strong>\u0163ine<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018to hold\u2019 (see\u0163ine<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      a\u0163ip\u1ecb<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(vb., IV) \u2013 to fall into a light sleep, to fall asleep.<\/p>\n

      Latin *adtepire<\/em>\u00a0<\u00a0tepere<\/em>\u00a0\u201eto be warm, lukewarm\u201d (Rosetti, I, 163; Cioranescu, 317).<\/p>\n

      The Latin etymon has no attestation and there are no cognates in any of the Romance languages. On the other hand, the meanings are quite different. However, the verb\u00a0a\u0163ipi<\/strong>\u00a0might be associated with Latin\u00a0tepeo<\/em>\u00a0from PIE *tep<\/strong>– \u2018to be warm\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 1069) (see\u00a0topi \u2018<\/strong>to melt\u2019), although the association is only hypothetical. Uncertain origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0a\u0163ipire<\/em>,\u00a0a\u0163ipit<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u1ea1u<\/strong>\u00b9\u00a0<\/strong>(interj.)\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 ouch.<\/p>\n

      PIE *au<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018exclamation of pain or irritation\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 71); cf. Latin\u00a0au<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Sanskrit\u00a0o<\/em>,\u00a0 NHG\u00a0au<\/em>, Latvian\u00a0au<\/em>, Czech, Polish\u00a0au<\/em>\u00a0It has the same origin as\u00a0aoleo<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018ah, o my, oh dear\u2019 which cannot be explain through Latin (see\u00a0aoleo<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u1ea1u<\/strong>\u00b2 (obs.) (Aromanian\u00a0au<\/em>,\u00a0ai<\/em>) (conj.) \u2013 1. or; 2. possibly, perhaps.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0aut<\/em>\u00a0\u2018or\u2019 (Diez, 1, 292; Pu\u015fcariu, 165; Candrea-Densusianu, 114;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 810; Cioranescu, 529). Latin\u00a0aut<\/em>\u00a0should remain the same in Romanian.<\/p>\n

      Walde (1, 87) derives Latin\u00a0<\/em>aut<\/em>\u00a0from PIE *au<\/strong>; cf. Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03cd<\/em>\u00a0\u2018on the other hand, or\u2019, as well as Umbrian\u00a0ute<\/em>,\u00a0ote<\/em>\u00a0\u2018or\u2019, Oscan\u00a0outi<\/em>\u00a0\u2018or\u2019. Romanian\u00a0au<\/strong>\u00a0should be considered of\u00a0 Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

      \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \u1ea1u\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0(dial., obs.) (n., fem.)\u00a0 \u2013 grapes.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0\u016bva<\/em>\u00a0\u2018grape, cluster\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 166; Candrea-Densusianu, 117;\u00a0DAR<\/em>; Cioranescu, 530); cf. Italian, Spanish, Portuguese\u00a0uva<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Sardinian\u00a0ua<\/em>. The word was an archaism already in the 17th century, but still used today\u00a0 in Oltenia to define a variety of grapes (cf. Pu\u015fcariu,\u00a0Dacor<\/em>., 8, 324). This Romanian noun may be of Latin origin, but the derivation is not clear.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      audi\u1eb9n\u0163\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0(n., fem.) \u2013 audience.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0audientia<\/em>\u00a0(Cioranescu, 352) from\u00a0audire<\/em>\u00a0\u201eto hear\u201d (see\u00a0auzi<\/strong>). Since 17th century.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u1ea1ur<\/strong>\u00a0(Istro-Romanian\u00a0\u00a0aur<\/em>) (n.) \u2013 gold.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0<\/em>aurum<\/em>\u00a0\u2018gold\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 170; Candrea-Densusianu, 118;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 800; Cioranescu, 534).<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0aurum<\/em>\u00a0derive from an older Italic *auso<\/em>–m<\/em>, itself from PIE *aus<\/strong>–os<\/strong>\u00a0<\/em>\u2018<\/em>to be bright, gold, dawn\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 86). The root is found in many other Indo-European languages. In a number of other Indo-European languages it means \u2018gold\u2019 as well ; cf. Sabine\u00a0ausom<\/em>\u00a0\u2018gold\u2019, Old Prussian\u00a0ausis<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Tocharian A\u00a0w\u00e4s<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, as well as Irish\u00a0<\/em>or<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Welsh\u00a0aur<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Albanian\u00a0<\/em>ar<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, which, according to a number of linguists,\u00a0 are of Latin origin.<\/p>\n

      One should not forget that Dacia had huge gold deposits, the largest in Europe\u00a0 (which was the main reason why the Romans conquered Dacia (see Introduction)) and Dacians were great specialists in extracting and processing it. On the other hand, the form is found in a large number of different indo-European languages. It may be considered of Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0a auri<\/em>,\u00a0aurar<\/em>,\u00a0aur\u0103rie<\/em>,\u00a0aurit<\/em>,\u00a0daurit<\/em>,\u00a0auros<\/em>,\u00a0aurifer<\/em>\u00a0etc.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      a\u1ee5stru<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0austru<\/em>) (n., neut.)\u00a0 \u2013 south-western wind (in Romania).<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0auster<\/em>\u00a0\u2018south wind\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 174; Candrea-Densusianu, 113;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 807;\u00a0DAR<\/em>).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      a\u1ee5\u015f<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromniasn\u00a0au\u015f \u2018<\/em>grandfather, ancestor\u2019) (obs.) (n., masc.) – old man, grandfather.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0avus<\/em>\u00a0\u2018grandfather\u2019 (Candrea-Densusianu, 122;\u00a0<\/em>DAR<\/em>;\u00a0<\/em>REW,<\/em>\u00a0839; Cioranescu, 536) which derives from PIE *aweu<\/strong>-,\u00a0awyo<\/strong>-,\u00a0awo<\/strong>– \u2018grandfather\u2019 (Lehmann, A242); cf. Hittite\u00a0hahha\u0161<\/em>, Gothic\u00a0awo<\/em>\u00a0\u2018grandmother\u2019, Lithuanian\u00a0avynas<\/em>\u00a0\u2018grandfather\u2019, Welsh\u00a0<\/em>ewytr<\/em>, Old Irish\u00a0<\/em>ai<\/em>\u00a0\u2018grandfather\u2019, Armenian\u00a0hav<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019. Romanian bunic \u2018id\u2019 derives from the same root (see\u00a0bunic<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018grandfather\u2019).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      au\u015f\u1eb9l<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(n., masc.) \u2013\u00a0 (gold)-crested wren (Regulus cristatus<\/em>).<\/p>\n

      It was derived erroneously from\u00a0\u00a0au\u015f<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018old man, grandfather\u2019 (DAR; Cioranescu, 536), or from Latin *aucellus<\/em>\u00a0< avis \u2018bird\u2019 (Scriban Romanian *aucel<\/em>, not\u00a0<\/em>au\u015fel<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      It seems to derive from PIE *a\u016dei<\/strong>– \u2018bird\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 86); cf. Sanskrit\u00a0vih<\/em>\u00a0\u2018bird\u2019, Avestan\u00a0vi\u0161<\/em>\u00a0\u2018bird\u2019. Thraco-Dacian origin.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      auz\u1ecb<\/strong>\u00a0(Aromanian\u00a0avdu<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0ut<\/em>, Istgro-Romanian\u00a0ovdu<\/em>) (vb., IV) \u2013 1. to hear; 2. to find out.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0\u00a0audire<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to hear\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 167; Candrea-Densusianu, 124;\u00a0<\/em>REW<\/em>, 779; Cioranescu, 542). Pan-romanic.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0\u00a0auz<\/em>,\u00a0auzitor<\/em>,\u00a0neauzit<\/em>,\u00a0nemaiauzit<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      av\u1eadnt<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(n., neut.) \u2013 1. enthusiasm; 2. boom; 3. elan, momentum.<\/p>\n

      It is a derivative of\u00a0v\u00e2nt<\/strong>\u00a0\u201ewind\u201d prefixed with\u00a0a<\/em>\u00a0(Cioranescu, 553).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0a<\/em>\u00a0(se<\/em>)\u00a0av\u00e2nta<\/em>,\u00a0av\u00e2ntare<\/em>,\u00a0av\u00e2ntat<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      ave\u1ea1<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0am<\/em>,\u00a0avui<\/em>,\u00a0avut<\/em>,\u00a0aveare<\/em>)\u00a0<\/strong>(vb., II) \u2013 1. to have, to possess; 2. to consist of.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0habere<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to have\u2019\u00a0<\/em>(Pu\u015fcariu, 72; Candrea-Densusianu, 126;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 3958; Cioranescu, 550); cf. Vegliote\u00a0avar<\/em>, Italian\u00a0avere<\/em>, French\u00a0avoir<\/em>, Spanish\u00a0haber<\/em>. Other Italic languagers have similar forms; cf.\u00a0 Umbrian\u00a0habe<\/em>\u00a0\u2018habet\u2019,\u00a0habiest<\/em>\u00a0\u2018habebit\u2019, Oscan\u00a0hafiest<\/em>\u00a0\u2018habebit\u2019.<\/p>\n

      I have to mention that some of the inflected forms of Romanian\u00a0<\/strong>verb a\u00a0avea<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>cannot derive from the equivalent (or other) forms of\u00a0 Latin\u00a0habeo<\/em>, –ere<\/em>. For instance, out\u00a0 the six forms of the present tense, only two can really derive from Latin. In other words, out of:\u00a0<\/em>am<\/em>\u00a0(I, sg),\u00a0<\/em>ai<\/em>\u00a0(II, sg),\u00a0are<\/em>\u00a0(III, sg),\u00a0avem<\/em>\u00a0(I, pl.),\u00a0ave\u0163i<\/em>\u00a0(II, pl.),au<\/em>\u00a0(III, pl.), only (I, pl.) and (II, pl.) forms match Latin ones, while the other four do not, especially (I, sg.) and (III, sg.). On the other hand,\u00a0am<\/em>\u00a0(I, sg.) matches well the equivalent Albanian form\u00a0kam<\/em>\u00a0(I, sg).<\/p>\n

      Proto-Indo-European had two similar roots: *ghabh<\/strong>– \u2018to catch, to take\u2019 (IEW<\/em>, 408) and *kap<\/strong>– \u2018to catch\u2019 (IEW, 537) from which the forms of the verb \u2018to have\u2019 evolved in different Indo-European languages. According to Walde-Pokorny, Proto-Indo-European did not have the aspirated voiceless velar *k<\/strong>(\u02b0), while Bomhard-Kerns shows that it had it; cf. PIE *k<\/strong>(\u02b0<\/strong>)ap<\/strong>(\u02b0<\/strong>) \u2018to take, to seize\u2019 (B&K, 242). Furthermore, I have shown that Proto-Indo-European had this sound using evidence from Romanian and Albanian (see Introduction).<\/p>\n

      From these two roots different Indo-European languages developed either the forms of the verb \u2018to have\u2019 or for the verb \u2018to catch, to take\u2019. It is no doubt that in Albanian and Celtic languages the verb \u2018to have\u2019 derive from PIE *k<\/strong>(\u02b0<\/strong>)ap<\/strong>(\u02b0<\/strong>): cf. Albanian\u00a0ka<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to have\u2019, Cornish\u00a0caffos<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to have\u2019, Middle Breton\u00a0caf<\/em>(f<\/em>)out<\/em>, Bretonkavout<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, while PIE *ghabh<\/strong>– gave verbs for \u2018to catch, to take\u2019 in Celtic languages; cf. Old Irish\u00a0gaibim<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to take, to grab\u2019.<\/p>\n

      In Latin the situation is the other way around, where from PIE *ghabh<\/strong>\u00a0> Latin\u00a0habere<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to have\u2019, while PIE *k<\/strong>(\u02b0<\/strong>)ap<\/strong>(\u02b0<\/strong>) > Latin\u00a0\u00a0capio<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to take, to seize\u2019 (cf. B&K, 242). Germanic languages are split in two: the east Germanic such as Gothic follows the same route as Italic langauges; cf. Gothic\u00a0geben<\/em>\u00a0\u2018wealth\u2019, while in western Germanic languages the verbal forms for \u2018to have\u2019 derive from a PIE\u00a0<\/strong>*k<\/strong>(\u02b0<\/strong>)ap<\/strong>(\u02b0<\/strong>); cf. OHG\u00a0haben<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to have\u2019, Old Islandic\u00a0hafa<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Old English\u00a0habban<\/em>\u2018id\u2019, Old Frisian\u00a0habba<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019, Old Norse\u00a0habbean<\/em>\u00a0\u2018id\u2019.<\/p>\n

      Regarding Thraco-Illyrian, one may safely assume that the verbs for \u2018to have\u2019 derived from PIE *\u00a0<\/strong>k<\/strong>(\u02b0<\/strong>)ap<\/strong>(\u02b0<\/strong>), as clearly indicates Albanian\u00a0<\/em>ka<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to have\u2019, while regarding Romanian a\u00a0avea<\/strong>, as I said already we may assume that it could be a mixture between Latin\u00a0habere<\/em>\u00a0and the original Thraco-Dacian verb for \u2018to have\u2019, if not of Thraco-Dacian origin altogether. Vladimir Orel (2000) shows that PIE *k<\/strong>\u00a0and *k<\/strong>(\u02b0<\/strong>) turned into\u00a0k<\/em>, in Proto-Albanian. On the other hand, I have shown (see Introduction) that Proto-Indo-European had the sound *k<\/strong>(\u02b0<\/strong>) which turned into the laryngeal\u00a0<\/em>h<\/em>\u00a0in Thraco-Dacian and preserved as such in Romanian, which, in some instances, it has fallen out. From the other PIE root *ghabh<\/strong>-, we have Romanian a\u00a0g\u0103bui<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018to catch\u2019, where PIE *gh<\/strong>\u00a0turned into\u00a0g<\/strong>\u00a0(see Intro) (see\u00a0g\u0103bui<\/strong>,dibui<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

      Furthermore, before ending this discussion, I have to show that a similar root was reconstructed by Orel for Afrasian languages, namely AA *qam<\/strong>– \u2018to possess, to hold\u2019 (Hamito-Semitic<\/em>…, 1995, 2033); cf. Egyptian\u00a0hvm<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to possess, to hold\u2019, Old Chadic *qam<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to hold\u2019. These Afrasian forms remind us Albanian\u00a0kam<\/em>\u00a0\u2018I have\u2019 and Romanian (eu)\u00a0am<\/em>\u00a0\u2018I have\u2019. These are definitely not mere coincidences, but we are still far to fully understand these matters which need more investigations, but an ampler discussion is beyond the scope of this etymological dictionary.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0avere<\/em>,\u00a0avut<\/em>,\u00a0<\/em>avu\u0163ie<\/em>,\u00a0a \u00eenavu\u0163i<\/em>,\u00a0neavut<\/em>,\u00a0neavere<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      avr\u0103me\u1ea1s\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0(n., fem.) \u2013 hedge\/water hyssop (Gratiola afficinalis<\/em>).<\/p>\n

      Bulgarian, Russian\u00a0avram<\/em>\u00a0(DAR<\/em>; Pascu,\u00a0Suf<\/em>., 26; Cioranescu, 558) or from\u00a0\u00a0Avram<\/em>\u00a0\u2018Abraham\u2019 (Tagliavini, Arch. Rom. XII; 167).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u1ea1x\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0(n., fem.) \u2013 axis.<\/p>\n

      Grekek\u00a0\u03ac\u03be\u03c9\u03bd \u2018id\u2019<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>(G\u00e1ldi,\u00a0Les mots<\/em>, 156; Cioranescu, 559). Attested since 17th century<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0axial<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      axi\u1ecdm\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(n., fem.)\u00a0 \u2013 axiom.<\/p>\n

      Greek\u00a0\u03b1\u03be\u03af\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1<\/em>\u00a0(G\u00e1ldi,\u00a0Les mots<\/em>, 156) from\u00a0\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd<\/em>\u00a0\u2018to be considered worthy of\u2019; cf. French\u00a0axiome<\/em>. Since 17th century.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0axiomatic<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u1ea1zi<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Aromanian\u00a0az\u0103<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0az\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0as<\/em>) (adv.) \u2013 today.<\/p>\n

      Latin\u00a0\u00a0hac die<\/em>\u00a0 > *hadie<\/em>\u00a0which replaced\u00a0\u00a0hodie \u2018<\/em>today\u2019 (Pu\u015fcariu, 176;\u00a0REW<\/em>, 4163).<\/p>\n

      Pu\u015fcariu\u2019s explanation does not take into account the Aromanian and Megleno-Romanian forms which do not fit into his hypothesis. Romanian\u00a0azi<\/strong>\u00a0is a derivative of\u00a0zi<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018day\u2019 prefixed by\u00a0a<\/em>\u00a0(see\u00a0<\/em>zi<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0ast\u0103zi<\/em>\u00a0\u201eid\u201d.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      az\u1ecbm\u0103<\/strong>\u00a0(variant\u00a0azm\u0103<\/em>, Aromanian\u00a0adz\u00eem\u0103<\/em>, Megleno-Romanian\u00a0azim<\/em>) (n., fem.) \u2013 unleavened bread.<\/p>\n

      Greek\u00a0\u03ac\u03b6\u03c5\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u00a0(Murnu, 9, Diculescu,\u00a0Elementele<\/em>, 472; Cioranescu, 566). This type of bread is used in some church rituals. Cioranescu shows that this word was introduced in the first centuries of the Christian era. It is present in some other Romance languages and dialects; cf. Calabrian\u00a0\u00e1yimo<\/em>, Venetian\u00a0azme<\/em>, Portugueseasmo<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      azv\u00e2rl\u1ecb<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(variant\u00a0zv\u00e2rli,<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>Aromanian\u00a0<\/em>azv\u00eerlescu<\/em>) (vb., IV) \u2013 to fling, to throw out\/away.<\/p>\n

      It is of imitative nature from the interjection\u00a0zv\u00e2r<\/em>\u00a0\u2018it imitates the noise made by a thrown object\u2019, suffixed with –li.\u00a0<\/em>\u00a0Bulgarian\u00a0v\u0103rliam<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>and\u00a0<\/em>Serbo-Croatian\u00a0vrljti<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>are loanwords form Romanian.<\/p>\n

      Derivatives:\u00a0azv\u00e2rlit\u0103<\/em>,\u00a0azv\u00e2rlitur\u0103<\/em>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      \u00a0A   \u00a0a\u00b9 (variant\u00a0ah) (interj.) – exclamation of pain, of wonder, etc. According to Cioranescu (2), it is of imitative origin. Although it may be considered of imitative origin, it…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":196,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"page-full.php","meta":{"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-132","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"taxonomy_info":[],"featured_image_src_large":false,"author_info":{"display_name":"Mihai Vinereanu","author_link":"https:\/\/limbaromana.org\/en\/author\/mihai-vinereanu\/"},"comment_info":0,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/limbaromana.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/132","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/limbaromana.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/limbaromana.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/limbaromana.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/196"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/limbaromana.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=132"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/limbaromana.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/132\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/limbaromana.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=132"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}